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<p>Vitaceae is an economically and taxonomically important family of angiosperms, including grapevines and climbing species widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Seed and pollen morphology of sampled Pakistani Vitaceae taxa and <i>Leea asiatica</i> of Leeaceae were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), morphometric analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, ancestral state reconstruction, and phylogenetic signal testing to evaluate their taxonomic and evolutionary significance. Seed traits, including seed size, shape, surface ornamentation, chalaza structure, ventral infolds, transverse section features, endosperm configuration, beak morphology, and endotesta traits, exhibited clear variation across taxa. Seed morphometric traits supported species- and genus-level differentiation, with <i>Parthenocissus</i> showing close clustering in PCA, <i>Cissus</i> and <i>Causonis</i> showing separation from other taxa, and <i>Vitis</i> displaying broader intrageneric variability. Correlation analysis indicated coordinated variation among absolute seed dimensions, whereas proportional traits contributed additional diagnostic information. Pollen morphology also varied in pollen size, shape, polar view, aperture type, exine thickness, exine sculpturing, colpus dimensions, and P/E ratio. Pollen PCA revealed interspecific differentiation, while correlation analysis showed coordinated scaling of polar and equatorial diameters and partial association between exine thickness and aperture dimensions. Character evolution analyses indicated that many seed traits showed clearer lineage-associated patterns than pollen traits, whereas pollen size and exine thickness retained relatively stronger phylogenetic structure among pollen characters. Overall, seed morphology was more consistently informative for taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretation, while pollen morphology provided complementary evidence for species-level differentiation and palynological diversity. This study establishes a regional baseline for reproductive trait diversity in Pakistani Vitaceae and Leeaceae and provides a foundation for future taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary research in South Asia.</p>

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Seed and pollen micromorphology of Pakistani Vitaceae: taxonomic significance, morphological integration, and phylogenetic implications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Shakir Ullah,
  • Shahab Ali,
  • Lubna Shakir,
  • Mushtaq Ahmad,
  • Ghani Subhan,
  • Mohammad Sohail,
  • Falak Naz,
  • Azmat Noreen,
  • Sajid Ali,
  • Hasnain Khan,
  • Naveen Dilawar

摘要

Vitaceae is an economically and taxonomically important family of angiosperms, including grapevines and climbing species widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. Seed and pollen morphology of sampled Pakistani Vitaceae taxa and Leea asiatica of Leeaceae were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), morphometric analyses, principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis, ancestral state reconstruction, and phylogenetic signal testing to evaluate their taxonomic and evolutionary significance. Seed traits, including seed size, shape, surface ornamentation, chalaza structure, ventral infolds, transverse section features, endosperm configuration, beak morphology, and endotesta traits, exhibited clear variation across taxa. Seed morphometric traits supported species- and genus-level differentiation, with Parthenocissus showing close clustering in PCA, Cissus and Causonis showing separation from other taxa, and Vitis displaying broader intrageneric variability. Correlation analysis indicated coordinated variation among absolute seed dimensions, whereas proportional traits contributed additional diagnostic information. Pollen morphology also varied in pollen size, shape, polar view, aperture type, exine thickness, exine sculpturing, colpus dimensions, and P/E ratio. Pollen PCA revealed interspecific differentiation, while correlation analysis showed coordinated scaling of polar and equatorial diameters and partial association between exine thickness and aperture dimensions. Character evolution analyses indicated that many seed traits showed clearer lineage-associated patterns than pollen traits, whereas pollen size and exine thickness retained relatively stronger phylogenetic structure among pollen characters. Overall, seed morphology was more consistently informative for taxonomic and phylogenetic interpretation, while pollen morphology provided complementary evidence for species-level differentiation and palynological diversity. This study establishes a regional baseline for reproductive trait diversity in Pakistani Vitaceae and Leeaceae and provides a foundation for future taxonomic, phylogenetic, and evolutionary research in South Asia.