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<p>Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a critical metabolite involved in regulating plant defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as coordinating growth and developmental processes. In this study, the GABA pathway gene family was comprehensively analyzed in the genome of alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.), leading to the identification of a total of 47 genes, including 19 <i>MsGAD</i>, 12 <i>MsGAT</i>, 8 <i>MsGABA-P</i>, 4 <i>MsGABA-T</i>, and 4 <i>MsSSADH</i>. These genes distributed across 24 different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that <i>MsGAD</i> genes clustered into Classes I, III, and IV, whereas <i>MsGAT</i> genes clustered into Classes I and IV. The genes <i>MsGABA-P</i>, <i>MsGABA-T</i>, <i>MsSSADH</i> clustered into Class I. Extensive synteny analyses demonstrated that 23, 25, 32, and 36 genes showed collinear relationships between <i>Medicago sativa</i> and <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, <i>Medicago truncatula</i>, <i>Lens culinaris</i>, and <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>, respectively. <i>Ka/Ks</i> ratio analyses indicated that the <i>MsGAD4-1b/MsGAD4-1c</i> gene pair arose through tandem duplication, while the remaining gene pairs resulted from segmental duplication events, with all gene pairs evolving under purifying selection pressure. Promoter analyses revealed that GABA pathway genes harbor numerous <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements responsive to hormones, developmental processes, light, and various environmental stresses. Transcriptome data indicated variable expression levels of GABA pathway genes across different tissues, with the exception of <i>MsGAD3-2</i>, which was not expressed in leaf tissue. Protein–protein interaction network analyses further revealed that GABA pathway proteins interact either directly or indirectly with each other, as well as with proteins involved in stress responses and developmental regulation. These findings suggested that alfalfa GABA pathway genes exhibit tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression profiles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway gene family in alfalfa (Medicago sativa): insights into stress response and developmental regulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Selcuk Cetin,
  • Ugur Sari,
  • Iskender Tiryaki

摘要

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a critical metabolite involved in regulating plant defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses, as well as coordinating growth and developmental processes. In this study, the GABA pathway gene family was comprehensively analyzed in the genome of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), leading to the identification of a total of 47 genes, including 19 MsGAD, 12 MsGAT, 8 MsGABA-P, 4 MsGABA-T, and 4 MsSSADH. These genes distributed across 24 different chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MsGAD genes clustered into Classes I, III, and IV, whereas MsGAT genes clustered into Classes I and IV. The genes MsGABA-P, MsGABA-T, MsSSADH clustered into Class I. Extensive synteny analyses demonstrated that 23, 25, 32, and 36 genes showed collinear relationships between Medicago sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana, Medicago truncatula, Lens culinaris, and Phaseolus vulgaris, respectively. Ka/Ks ratio analyses indicated that the MsGAD4-1b/MsGAD4-1c gene pair arose through tandem duplication, while the remaining gene pairs resulted from segmental duplication events, with all gene pairs evolving under purifying selection pressure. Promoter analyses revealed that GABA pathway genes harbor numerous cis-regulatory elements responsive to hormones, developmental processes, light, and various environmental stresses. Transcriptome data indicated variable expression levels of GABA pathway genes across different tissues, with the exception of MsGAD3-2, which was not expressed in leaf tissue. Protein–protein interaction network analyses further revealed that GABA pathway proteins interact either directly or indirectly with each other, as well as with proteins involved in stress responses and developmental regulation. These findings suggested that alfalfa GABA pathway genes exhibit tissue-specific and stress-responsive expression profiles.

Graphical abstract