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<p>Heat shock factors (HSFs) play a crucial role in regulating plant responses to environmental stress. This study focuses on the HSF gene family in <i>Amaranthus tricolor</i> cv. Red, aiming to analyze its evolutionary expansion, genomic distribution, and potential roles in stress tolerance. A comparative approach with related species was employed to better understand functional diversification and adaptability in these plants. A total of 21 HSF genes were identified in the <i>A. tricolor</i> genome, exhibiting uneven chromosomal distribution, with notable absences on chromosomes 7 and 13. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups: A (14 genes), B (6 genes), and C (1 gene). Gene duplications, particularly dispersed duplications, promote functional diversification. Promoter motifs associated with thermal and hormonal responses were identified. Compared to <i>A. hypochondriacus</i> (13 HSF genes), <i>A. tricolor</i> displayed significant genomic expansion. Gene expression analyses revealed higher expression levels in hypocotyls under blue light and variations in leaves depending on light intensity. GO enrichment analysis highlighted processes related to light stress responses, adaptive gene regulation, and key molecular activities such as DNA binding and transcription factor regulation. The HSF family in <i>A. tricolor</i> has undergone notable evolutionary expansion and diversification, contributing to its adaptive capacity to environmental stress. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses and present opportunities for developing more resilient crops.</p>

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Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of heat shock transcription factors in Amaranthus tricolor cv. red

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Ramiro Orellana,
  • Jennifer Villavicencio,
  • Eloy Fernandez,
  • Valeria Oliveira Nizolli,
  • Wilson Siñaniz,
  • Winder Felipez

摘要

Heat shock factors (HSFs) play a crucial role in regulating plant responses to environmental stress. This study focuses on the HSF gene family in Amaranthus tricolor cv. Red, aiming to analyze its evolutionary expansion, genomic distribution, and potential roles in stress tolerance. A comparative approach with related species was employed to better understand functional diversification and adaptability in these plants. A total of 21 HSF genes were identified in the A. tricolor genome, exhibiting uneven chromosomal distribution, with notable absences on chromosomes 7 and 13. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into three groups: A (14 genes), B (6 genes), and C (1 gene). Gene duplications, particularly dispersed duplications, promote functional diversification. Promoter motifs associated with thermal and hormonal responses were identified. Compared to A. hypochondriacus (13 HSF genes), A. tricolor displayed significant genomic expansion. Gene expression analyses revealed higher expression levels in hypocotyls under blue light and variations in leaves depending on light intensity. GO enrichment analysis highlighted processes related to light stress responses, adaptive gene regulation, and key molecular activities such as DNA binding and transcription factor regulation. The HSF family in A. tricolor has undergone notable evolutionary expansion and diversification, contributing to its adaptive capacity to environmental stress. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses and present opportunities for developing more resilient crops.