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<p>Developing high-yielding and climate-resilient wheat genotypes is a primary objective of breeding programs. Spike characteristics are a primary candidate for grain yield improvement in wheat. In the present study, the allelic variation of 49 functional and linked markers for spike-related traits genes was assessed in 32 genotypes of bread wheat. Based on 34 polymorphic markers, 81 alleles with an average of 2.76 alleles per locus were amplified. Polymorphic information content varied from 0.11 to 0.62, with a mean of 0.34. Based on the Heatmap analysis, the studied genotypes were assigned to two main groups. The first group consisted of breeding lines and cultivars, while the second group included cross-derived genotypes, a landrace, and an amphiploid wheat. Bayesian model-based clustering assigned the genotypes into two distinct groups consistent with the major clusters identified by the Heatmap. Principal component analysis also separated breeding lines and commercial cultivars. Several spike-form–linked simple sequence repeats (SSRs) delineated yield-component contrasts: Xgwm155 (142&#xa0;bp) homozygotes showed higher spikelet and grain numbers (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), and Xwmc453 classes differed by ~ 1.6&#xa0;spikelets per spike (<i>P</i> = 0.006). Height variation was captured by GA-pathway diagnostics (e.g.,&#xa0;DG118&#xa0;alleles reduced plant height; <i>P</i> = 0.0001), whereas <i>TaCwi-A1</i>&#xa0;and&#xa0;<i>TaGW2-6A</i>&#xa0;alleles did not consistently differentiate thousand-kernel weight under our conditions, and&#xa0;<i>Vrn-B1</i>&#xa0;spring alleles were not associated with earlier heading/flowering. This study highlights the efficiency of functional and linked markers in deciphering the genetic relationships of wheat genotypes with different spike morphology and related traits.</p>

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Genetic relationships and population structure of bread wheat genotypes based on allelic variation of spike-related traits genes functional and linked markers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Sona Minaei,
  • Seyyed Abolghasem Mohammadi,
  • Mozaffar Roustaei

摘要

Developing high-yielding and climate-resilient wheat genotypes is a primary objective of breeding programs. Spike characteristics are a primary candidate for grain yield improvement in wheat. In the present study, the allelic variation of 49 functional and linked markers for spike-related traits genes was assessed in 32 genotypes of bread wheat. Based on 34 polymorphic markers, 81 alleles with an average of 2.76 alleles per locus were amplified. Polymorphic information content varied from 0.11 to 0.62, with a mean of 0.34. Based on the Heatmap analysis, the studied genotypes were assigned to two main groups. The first group consisted of breeding lines and cultivars, while the second group included cross-derived genotypes, a landrace, and an amphiploid wheat. Bayesian model-based clustering assigned the genotypes into two distinct groups consistent with the major clusters identified by the Heatmap. Principal component analysis also separated breeding lines and commercial cultivars. Several spike-form–linked simple sequence repeats (SSRs) delineated yield-component contrasts: Xgwm155 (142 bp) homozygotes showed higher spikelet and grain numbers (P < 0.05), and Xwmc453 classes differed by ~ 1.6 spikelets per spike (P = 0.006). Height variation was captured by GA-pathway diagnostics (e.g., DG118 alleles reduced plant height; P = 0.0001), whereas TaCwi-A1 and TaGW2-6A alleles did not consistently differentiate thousand-kernel weight under our conditions, and Vrn-B1 spring alleles were not associated with earlier heading/flowering. This study highlights the efficiency of functional and linked markers in deciphering the genetic relationships of wheat genotypes with different spike morphology and related traits.