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<p>Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> subsp. <i>vulgare</i>) is a vital cereal crop with considerable genetic diversity, particularly in Iran—a key region within the Fertile Crescent. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of Iranian barley germplasm to support its effective use in breeding and conservation efforts. The agro-morphological diversity of 3109 barley landraces from the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran was evaluated over six cropping seasons (2015–2021). Sixteen traits, including quantitative (e.g., grain yield, spike length) and qualitative (e.g., spike-row number, pigmentation) characteristics, were assessed to examine genetic diversity, trait relationships, and differences between two-row and six-row barley types. Results revealed high diversity, with a Shannon index of 0.92 for spike-row number (66.8% six-row and 33.2% two-row). Two-row barley exhibited greater spike length, spikelet number, and thousand-kernel weight, while six-row barley showed longer phenological periods and increased plant height. Principal component analysis of quantitative traits identified three components explaining 66.59% of the trait variance, effectively distinguishing the two types. Spike morphology and phenological traits were the primary drivers of variation. Positive correlations were observed between days to spike emergence and days to maturity, and between spike length and spikelet number, while row number was negatively correlated with thousand-kernel weight. These findings suggest that two-row barley tends to have a higher thousand-kernel weight—a trait often associated with malt quality—although malt suitability depends on additional factors. In contrast, six-row barley exhibited greater plant height, a trait closely linked to increased forage yield. Overall, the study highlights the rich genetic diversity of both two-row and six-row barley and underscores the valuable potential of Iranian landraces. Having adapted over centuries to diverse agro-climatic conditions, these landraces offer essential insights for researchers and breeders, supporting strategic decisions in barley breeding and conservation.</p>

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Multivariate analysis of genetic diversity in two-row and six-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare) germplasm in national plant Genebank of Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Shakiba Shahmoradi

摘要

Barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) is a vital cereal crop with considerable genetic diversity, particularly in Iran—a key region within the Fertile Crescent. This study aimed to characterize the diversity of Iranian barley germplasm to support its effective use in breeding and conservation efforts. The agro-morphological diversity of 3109 barley landraces from the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran was evaluated over six cropping seasons (2015–2021). Sixteen traits, including quantitative (e.g., grain yield, spike length) and qualitative (e.g., spike-row number, pigmentation) characteristics, were assessed to examine genetic diversity, trait relationships, and differences between two-row and six-row barley types. Results revealed high diversity, with a Shannon index of 0.92 for spike-row number (66.8% six-row and 33.2% two-row). Two-row barley exhibited greater spike length, spikelet number, and thousand-kernel weight, while six-row barley showed longer phenological periods and increased plant height. Principal component analysis of quantitative traits identified three components explaining 66.59% of the trait variance, effectively distinguishing the two types. Spike morphology and phenological traits were the primary drivers of variation. Positive correlations were observed between days to spike emergence and days to maturity, and between spike length and spikelet number, while row number was negatively correlated with thousand-kernel weight. These findings suggest that two-row barley tends to have a higher thousand-kernel weight—a trait often associated with malt quality—although malt suitability depends on additional factors. In contrast, six-row barley exhibited greater plant height, a trait closely linked to increased forage yield. Overall, the study highlights the rich genetic diversity of both two-row and six-row barley and underscores the valuable potential of Iranian landraces. Having adapted over centuries to diverse agro-climatic conditions, these landraces offer essential insights for researchers and breeders, supporting strategic decisions in barley breeding and conservation.