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<p>The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) superfamily plays a key role in plant metabolism, including many economically and medicinally important species, but its evolution and expression profiles in safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.) remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically identified and characterized 286 CYP450 genes in safflower, revealing a lineage-specific contraction compared to close relatives. The CYP710 clan in the non-A-type subfamily is completely absent from the safflower genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CYP450 genes were divided into two major clades: A-type and non-A-type. Gene duplication is a key evolutionary force shaping these two CYP450 clades in safflower. Transcriptomic analyses revealed expression plasticity of CYP450s fine-tuned by tissue differentiation, petal colorization, and light exposures. We found that 25% duplicate gene pairs showed context-dependent expression divergence in at least one condition. Of which, 82% exhibit conserved expression bias direction, while 18% undergo inverted expression bias. The&#xa0;Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) further identified a red module (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.97 with white light) that integrates CYP450s (<i>CtAH06G0118800</i>, <i>CtAH06G0279900</i>) with transcription factors and pigment pathways. The constructed hub network illustrates how light-regulated transcriptional hubs rewire metabolic flux. Overall, our study elucidates the evolutionary framework and expression profile of CYP450 genes, which facilitate engineering stress resilience in safflower.</p>

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Genomic and transcriptomic insights into evolution and divergence of the cytochrome P450 genes in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Yue Shu,
  • Haixu Zhao,
  • Yin Zheng,
  • Lichun Shi,
  • Yunfei Zheng,
  • Changmian Ji,
  • Hui Zhao,
  • Xiaoxi Du,
  • Yao Zhou,
  • Anping Guo,
  • Liya Hong,
  • Yu Wang

摘要

The cytochrome P450 (CYP450) superfamily plays a key role in plant metabolism, including many economically and medicinally important species, but its evolution and expression profiles in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) remain poorly understood. Here, we systematically identified and characterized 286 CYP450 genes in safflower, revealing a lineage-specific contraction compared to close relatives. The CYP710 clan in the non-A-type subfamily is completely absent from the safflower genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CYP450 genes were divided into two major clades: A-type and non-A-type. Gene duplication is a key evolutionary force shaping these two CYP450 clades in safflower. Transcriptomic analyses revealed expression plasticity of CYP450s fine-tuned by tissue differentiation, petal colorization, and light exposures. We found that 25% duplicate gene pairs showed context-dependent expression divergence in at least one condition. Of which, 82% exhibit conserved expression bias direction, while 18% undergo inverted expression bias. The Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) further identified a red module (R2 = 0.97 with white light) that integrates CYP450s (CtAH06G0118800, CtAH06G0279900) with transcription factors and pigment pathways. The constructed hub network illustrates how light-regulated transcriptional hubs rewire metabolic flux. Overall, our study elucidates the evolutionary framework and expression profile of CYP450 genes, which facilitate engineering stress resilience in safflower.