<p>Owing to its richness in starch, protein, polyphenol, flavonoid, and other nutritional components, mung bean has become a traditional medicine and plant-based food in Asia. A comprehensive seed quality evaluation system of core germplasm can provide a basis for mung bean seed quality breeding and developing new plant-based foods. Totally, the 13 seed quality traits of 40 core mung bean accessions were determined and evaluated by correlation analysis, clustering analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). Coefficient of variation of 13 seed quality traits was 4.28 ~ 35.49%, and their genetic diversity traits was 0.27 ~ 2.01. Close relevance was observed between seed nutritional and phenotypic quality traits (Pearson’s correlation, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). PCA showed the contribution rate of each seed trait was scattered, indicating that the seed quality variation was multi-directional. Based on the comprehensive quality evaluation equation (F = 0.502Y₁ + 0.211Y₂ + 0.155Y₃ + 0.133Y₄), M38, M37, M27, M36, M25, and M14 were screened out (comprehensive evaluation scores &gt; 1.00) with higher seed quality than others. The 40 core accessions have been divided into three groups at the genetic distance of 11.50. Group Ⅰ contained large spherical germplasm with higher protein and fat content, group Ⅱ were short round germplasm with high starch, flavonoid, and total phenol content, while large long circular germplasm with medium nutritional traits belonged to group Ⅲ. These results would provide important theoretical and resource basis for conserving mung bean germplasm, breeding new cultivars, and developing new plant-based foods.</p>