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<p><i>Setaria italica</i>, also known as foxtail millet, is a robust and hardy crop that plays a significant role in food security and sustainable agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. It is also a C4 crop predominantly produced in China. Plant annexins are essential for cell development and stress response and have been identified in several plant species. In this research, a total of 12 annexins in foxtail millet (<i>S. italica</i>) were identified and mapped across seven chromosomes with four duplications. The SiAnns were grouped into 3 phylogenetic clusters, with the majority in group A. The number of annexin repeats ranged from 2 to 4. Most SiAnns contain 5 exons and 4 introns. Syntenic relationships between <i>S. italica</i>, <i>S. viridis,</i> and <i>A. thaliana</i> revealed more orthologs in closely related species. The Ka/Ks ratios suggested that selection by purification serves as the evolutionary mechanism for conserving <i>SiAnns</i>. Promoter sequence analyses also revealed the roles of SiAnns in environmental stress response. Additionally, interactions of SiAnns with other proteins imply roles in stress response and gene expression regulation. Expression analysis showed higher levels of <i>SiAnn1</i> and <i>SiAnn2</i> in root treatments, with <i>SiAnn2</i> being highly expressed across all treatments. <i>SiAnn6</i> exhibited high expression in etiolated seedlings. This research is expected to lay the groundwork for future research related to annexins, including validation of gene functions in foxtail millet.</p>

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Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of annexins in foxtail millet (Setaria italica)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月7日

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  • Terik Djabeng Whyte,
  • Nasiru Issah,
  • Musfiratu Pag’kpema Haruna,
  • Mohammed Quarshie

摘要

Setaria italica, also known as foxtail millet, is a robust and hardy crop that plays a significant role in food security and sustainable agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid climates. It is also a C4 crop predominantly produced in China. Plant annexins are essential for cell development and stress response and have been identified in several plant species. In this research, a total of 12 annexins in foxtail millet (S. italica) were identified and mapped across seven chromosomes with four duplications. The SiAnns were grouped into 3 phylogenetic clusters, with the majority in group A. The number of annexin repeats ranged from 2 to 4. Most SiAnns contain 5 exons and 4 introns. Syntenic relationships between S. italica, S. viridis, and A. thaliana revealed more orthologs in closely related species. The Ka/Ks ratios suggested that selection by purification serves as the evolutionary mechanism for conserving SiAnns. Promoter sequence analyses also revealed the roles of SiAnns in environmental stress response. Additionally, interactions of SiAnns with other proteins imply roles in stress response and gene expression regulation. Expression analysis showed higher levels of SiAnn1 and SiAnn2 in root treatments, with SiAnn2 being highly expressed across all treatments. SiAnn6 exhibited high expression in etiolated seedlings. This research is expected to lay the groundwork for future research related to annexins, including validation of gene functions in foxtail millet.