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<p>Spinach is a globally cultivated leafy vegetable facing challenges in production, notably bolting, and the premature initiation of flowering. Hence, this study aims to provide genomic insights into spinach bolting through Tajima’s D test, transition-to-transversion rate analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and phylogenetic analysis. Ten spinach accessions, including early and late bolting cultivars, were selected for the analysis of MADS-box (Promoter and coding regions), CONSTANS-LIKE 14 (<i>COL14</i>), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (<i>FLC</i>) gene coding regions. Positive Tajima’s D values in these genes suggest scenarios of balancing selection, population subdivision, or recent expansion, indicating adaptive advantages derived from genetic diversity. The analysis of the transition-to-transversion rate revealed variations, with <i>FLC</i> and <i>COL14</i> exhibiting elevated transition ratios. PCA distinguished genetic groupings among early and late-bolting genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled historical genetic relationships, emphasizing the foundational role of the Kashan genotype. Although specific SNPs were not identified, the study enhances our understanding of genetic regulation in spinach bolting, highlighting <i>SpCOL14</i> as a promising candidate for further investigations.</p>

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Genomic insights into spinach bolting through comparative phylogenetic analysis of flowering-time genes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年4月29日

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  • Nooshin Shahbaz,
  • Aboozar Soorni,
  • Rahim Mehrabi,
  • Marziye Amini

摘要

Spinach is a globally cultivated leafy vegetable facing challenges in production, notably bolting, and the premature initiation of flowering. Hence, this study aims to provide genomic insights into spinach bolting through Tajima’s D test, transition-to-transversion rate analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and phylogenetic analysis. Ten spinach accessions, including early and late bolting cultivars, were selected for the analysis of MADS-box (Promoter and coding regions), CONSTANS-LIKE 14 (COL14), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene coding regions. Positive Tajima’s D values in these genes suggest scenarios of balancing selection, population subdivision, or recent expansion, indicating adaptive advantages derived from genetic diversity. The analysis of the transition-to-transversion rate revealed variations, with FLC and COL14 exhibiting elevated transition ratios. PCA distinguished genetic groupings among early and late-bolting genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis unveiled historical genetic relationships, emphasizing the foundational role of the Kashan genotype. Although specific SNPs were not identified, the study enhances our understanding of genetic regulation in spinach bolting, highlighting SpCOL14 as a promising candidate for further investigations.