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<p>This study presents an extensive taxonomic, morphological, statistical, and ecological analysis of pollen micromorphology in wild Lamiaceous species from the Eastern Hindu Kush region of Pakistan, with a focus on species of indigenous importance. It primarily uses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate pollen micromorphology, with light microscopy (LM) serving as a supplementary tool for additional observations. Pollen samples were subjected to acetolysis and examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing considerable variation in pollen size, polarity, symmetry, shape, and exine sculpturing among the species. Pollen grains ranged in size from 18.25 to 39.50&#xa0;μm, with most being hexacolpate and some displaying tri-tetracolpate features. In terms of shape, subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, and oblate-spheroidal forms were observed, with <i>Ajuga parviflora&#xa0;Benth</i> having the largest pollen grains and <i>Ziziphora teniuor</i>&#xa0;L.&#xa0;the smallest. Exine ornamentation was found to be highly diverse, with ornamentation such as fossulate, microreticulate-granulate, reticulate-verrucate, tuberculate, microreticulate-gemmate, and reticulate-granulate, making exine sculpturing the most significant micromorphological feature for species differentiation. Fertility percentages varied among species, ranging from 65% in <i>Salvia nemorosa&#xa0;L.</i> to 95% in <i>Mentha spicata</i>&#xa0;L., highlighting differences in reproductive capacity. Comparative analysis between species from different habitats, such as dry mountainous regions and wetlands, indicated habitat-driven morphological differentiation, particularly in exine thickness, thereby&#xa0;suggesting possible ecological adaptations. Statistical analyses supported these ecological implications, demonstrating that pollen size and exine sculpturing were key diagnostic traits for species delimitation.In conclusion, the study demonstrates that Lamiaceous species from the Eastern Hindu Kush region exhibit significant micromorphological diversity, with exine characteristics that may play a central role in taxonomic classification and provide insights into the ecological adaptability of these species.</p>

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A contribution to the knowledge of wild medicinal Lamiaceae: Taxonomic, microscopic, and ecological insights from palynology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月9日

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  • Maimoona Birjees,
  • Maryam Akram Butt,
  • Mushtaq Ahmad,
  • Aamir Shehzad Khan,
  • Wasim Akhtar,
  • Tasneem Afeefa,
  • Grzegorz J. Wolski

摘要

This study presents an extensive taxonomic, morphological, statistical, and ecological analysis of pollen micromorphology in wild Lamiaceous species from the Eastern Hindu Kush region of Pakistan, with a focus on species of indigenous importance. It primarily uses scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate pollen micromorphology, with light microscopy (LM) serving as a supplementary tool for additional observations. Pollen samples were subjected to acetolysis and examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing considerable variation in pollen size, polarity, symmetry, shape, and exine sculpturing among the species. Pollen grains ranged in size from 18.25 to 39.50 μm, with most being hexacolpate and some displaying tri-tetracolpate features. In terms of shape, subprolate, prolate-spheroidal, and oblate-spheroidal forms were observed, with Ajuga parviflora Benth having the largest pollen grains and Ziziphora teniuor L. the smallest. Exine ornamentation was found to be highly diverse, with ornamentation such as fossulate, microreticulate-granulate, reticulate-verrucate, tuberculate, microreticulate-gemmate, and reticulate-granulate, making exine sculpturing the most significant micromorphological feature for species differentiation. Fertility percentages varied among species, ranging from 65% in Salvia nemorosa L. to 95% in Mentha spicata L., highlighting differences in reproductive capacity. Comparative analysis between species from different habitats, such as dry mountainous regions and wetlands, indicated habitat-driven morphological differentiation, particularly in exine thickness, thereby suggesting possible ecological adaptations. Statistical analyses supported these ecological implications, demonstrating that pollen size and exine sculpturing were key diagnostic traits for species delimitation.In conclusion, the study demonstrates that Lamiaceous species from the Eastern Hindu Kush region exhibit significant micromorphological diversity, with exine characteristics that may play a central role in taxonomic classification and provide insights into the ecological adaptability of these species.