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<p>Mountain hawthorn is among the most important wild deciduous plants discovered in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which belongs to the Rosaceae family. There is a little information about the genetic basis of these plant species. Consequently, biochemical (TSS, TPC, TFC, AA, and CAC) and molecular (11 simple sequence repeat (SSR),10 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and 10 start codon targeted polymorphismSCoT) markers were applied to assess the genetic variation of sixty-one accessions of wild hawthorn from 12 locations in the Kurdistan region. In accordance with the biochemical markers, seven clusters were formed. To summarize, the average values of TSS, TPC, TFC, AA, and CAC were 19.75 Brix, 1.06&#xa0;µg/g FW, 0.27&#xa0;µg/g FW. 1.01&#xa0;µg/g FW, and 18.31&#xa0;µg/g FW, respectively. The SSR, ISSR, and SCoT markers generated 57, 46, and 134 polymorphic bands, respectively. Compared to the SSR and ISSR markers, SCoT markers presented the highest values for the genetic parameters. Polymorphic information content (PIC), number of observed alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), expected heterozygosity (He), Shannon’s information index (I), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) were identified to have the mean values of 0.28, 1.13, 1.28, 0.17, 0.25, and, 0.18, respectively. All accessions were categorized into seven main clusters according to the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram from all marker data and two populations were generated based on SSR and ISSR data. In contrast, SCoT data created three populations in structure analysis. The variation within populations was 90.00%, 81.00%, and 83.00% for SSR, ISSR, and SCoT markers, respectively. According to our results, these markers effectively assessed the genetic variation among hawthorn accessions. Biochemical markers and SCoT markers are more effective for studying the genetic diversity of hawthorn species. These findings can be applied to future hawthorn breeding plans and germplasm conservation.</p>

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Genetic diversity of wild hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in Iraqi Kurdistan region using biochemical and molecular markers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月4日

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  • Karzan Ezzalddin Mohammed,
  • Nariman Salih Ahmad,
  • Saman Abdulrahman Ahmad

摘要

Mountain hawthorn is among the most important wild deciduous plants discovered in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which belongs to the Rosaceae family. There is a little information about the genetic basis of these plant species. Consequently, biochemical (TSS, TPC, TFC, AA, and CAC) and molecular (11 simple sequence repeat (SSR),10 inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), and 10 start codon targeted polymorphismSCoT) markers were applied to assess the genetic variation of sixty-one accessions of wild hawthorn from 12 locations in the Kurdistan region. In accordance with the biochemical markers, seven clusters were formed. To summarize, the average values of TSS, TPC, TFC, AA, and CAC were 19.75 Brix, 1.06 µg/g FW, 0.27 µg/g FW. 1.01 µg/g FW, and 18.31 µg/g FW, respectively. The SSR, ISSR, and SCoT markers generated 57, 46, and 134 polymorphic bands, respectively. Compared to the SSR and ISSR markers, SCoT markers presented the highest values for the genetic parameters. Polymorphic information content (PIC), number of observed alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), expected heterozygosity (He), Shannon’s information index (I), and unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) were identified to have the mean values of 0.28, 1.13, 1.28, 0.17, 0.25, and, 0.18, respectively. All accessions were categorized into seven main clusters according to the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram from all marker data and two populations were generated based on SSR and ISSR data. In contrast, SCoT data created three populations in structure analysis. The variation within populations was 90.00%, 81.00%, and 83.00% for SSR, ISSR, and SCoT markers, respectively. According to our results, these markers effectively assessed the genetic variation among hawthorn accessions. Biochemical markers and SCoT markers are more effective for studying the genetic diversity of hawthorn species. These findings can be applied to future hawthorn breeding plans and germplasm conservation.