<p>In this study, we consider FRW universe filled with matter, non-minimally coupling (NMC) scalar field under <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="91" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V(\phi ) = V_{0}\phi ^{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <msup> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> potential and holographic vacuum energy. Dark energy is contributed from both holographic vacuum energy and the NMC scalar field. NMC effective gravitational constant <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="50" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_\text {eff}(\phi )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, is naturally defined at the action level. Therefore, the gravitational constant in the holographic vacuum density is an effective one, i.e. <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="142" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\( \rho _{\Lambda } = {3c^{2}}/{8\pi G_{\text {eff}}L^{2}}\,. \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mrow> <mn>8</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Apparent horizon is chosen as IR holographic cutoff scale as it is a trapped null surface. There are nine fixed points in this dynamical system with four independent dimensionless parameters. We consider flat case and find that viable cosmological evolution follows the sequence: an initial stiff-fluid-dominated phase, transitioning through a nearly dust-dominated era, and eventually reaching a stable dark energy-dominating state. Stability analysis requires that <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\xi &lt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0&lt; c &lt; 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for the theory to be physically valid. Since zero NMC coupling, <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\xi =0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, is not allowed in the autonomous system, the model can not completely recover canonical scalar field case. That is to say, as <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="18" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\xi \rightarrow 0^-\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mn>0</mn> <mo>-</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(c \rightarrow 0^+\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mn>0</mn> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the model can only approach the canonical scalar case but can not completely recover it. To approach dust or stiff fluid dominations, both magnitudes of the NMC coupling and the holographic parameter must be small. Numerical integration shows that for any allowed values of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\xi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ξ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <i>c</i>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(w_\text {eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> approaches <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at late times. Increasing of <i>c</i> does not change shape of the <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(w_\textrm{eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, but larger <i>c</i> increases <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="26" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(w_\text {eff}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mtext>eff</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. As <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\xi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ξ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> becomes stronger, dust era gradually disappears. Good behaviors of the dynamics require <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="90" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-1 \ll \xi &lt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>≪</mo> <mi>ξ</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10714_2025_3442_Article_IEq16.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="74" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0 &lt; c \ll 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>≪</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Cosmological dynamics of holographic dark energy with non-minimally coupled scalar field

  • Amornthep Tita,
  • Burin Gumjudpai,
  • Pornrad Srisawad

摘要

In this study, we consider FRW universe filled with matter, non-minimally coupling (NMC) scalar field under \(V(\phi ) = V_{0}\phi ^{2}\) V ( ϕ ) = V 0 ϕ 2 potential and holographic vacuum energy. Dark energy is contributed from both holographic vacuum energy and the NMC scalar field. NMC effective gravitational constant \(G_\text {eff}(\phi )\) G eff ( ϕ ) , is naturally defined at the action level. Therefore, the gravitational constant in the holographic vacuum density is an effective one, i.e. \( \rho _{\Lambda } = {3c^{2}}/{8\pi G_{\text {eff}}L^{2}}\,. \) ρ Λ = 3 c 2 / 8 π G eff L 2 . Apparent horizon is chosen as IR holographic cutoff scale as it is a trapped null surface. There are nine fixed points in this dynamical system with four independent dimensionless parameters. We consider flat case and find that viable cosmological evolution follows the sequence: an initial stiff-fluid-dominated phase, transitioning through a nearly dust-dominated era, and eventually reaching a stable dark energy-dominating state. Stability analysis requires that \(\xi <0\) ξ < 0 and \(0< c < 1\) 0 < c < 1 for the theory to be physically valid. Since zero NMC coupling, \(\xi =0\) ξ = 0 , is not allowed in the autonomous system, the model can not completely recover canonical scalar field case. That is to say, as \(\xi \rightarrow 0^-\) ξ 0 - and \(c \rightarrow 0^+\) c 0 + , the model can only approach the canonical scalar case but can not completely recover it. To approach dust or stiff fluid dominations, both magnitudes of the NMC coupling and the holographic parameter must be small. Numerical integration shows that for any allowed values of \(\xi \) ξ and c, \(w_\text {eff}\) w eff approaches \(-1\) - 1 at late times. Increasing of c does not change shape of the \(w_\textrm{eff}\) w eff , but larger c increases \(w_\text {eff}\) w eff . As \(\xi \) ξ becomes stronger, dust era gradually disappears. Good behaviors of the dynamics require \(-1 \ll \xi <0\) - 1 ξ < 0 and \(0 < c \ll 1\) 0 < c 1 .