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<p>Ambient noise tomography using surface waves extracted from ambient noise is routinely employed to determine subsurface velocity models at various scales. In contrast, fewer studies have reported extracting body waves for tomography, particularly using seismic arrays far from the ocean. In this study, we successfully extracted reliable diving body waves between stations using a temporary dense seismic array deployed in the Zhangbaling segment of the Tanlu Fault Zone, China, located approximately 400&#xa0;km from the ocean. Through an ambient noise analysis workflow incorporating beamforming, time–frequency spectral analysis, and polarization analysis, we demonstrate that western-Pacific typhoons act as critical noise sources for exciting body waves recorded by this inland array. We further adopt rigorous data segment selection and signal enhancement techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratios of extracted P&#xa0;waves. These body waves were then used to determine the three-dimensional (3D) P-wave velocity (Vp) structure of the upper crust surrounding the Tanlu Fault Zone, which exhibits patterns similar to the 3D S-wave velocity (Vs) model obtained from ambient noise surface-wave tomography. Our study shows that high-quality diving P&#xa0;waves can be extracted via cross-correlation and stacking of ambient seismic noise for an inland seismic array during intense pelagic atmospheric activity. These body waves provide additional constraints on subsurface structures compared to conventional ambient noise surface-wave tomography.</p>

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Regional Body-Wave Travel-Time Tomography by an Inland Seismic Array Using Ambient Noise Excited by Typhoons

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月5日

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  • Mingze Du,
  • Ji Gao,
  • Haijiang Zhang

摘要

Ambient noise tomography using surface waves extracted from ambient noise is routinely employed to determine subsurface velocity models at various scales. In contrast, fewer studies have reported extracting body waves for tomography, particularly using seismic arrays far from the ocean. In this study, we successfully extracted reliable diving body waves between stations using a temporary dense seismic array deployed in the Zhangbaling segment of the Tanlu Fault Zone, China, located approximately 400 km from the ocean. Through an ambient noise analysis workflow incorporating beamforming, time–frequency spectral analysis, and polarization analysis, we demonstrate that western-Pacific typhoons act as critical noise sources for exciting body waves recorded by this inland array. We further adopt rigorous data segment selection and signal enhancement techniques to improve the signal-to-noise ratios of extracted P waves. These body waves were then used to determine the three-dimensional (3D) P-wave velocity (Vp) structure of the upper crust surrounding the Tanlu Fault Zone, which exhibits patterns similar to the 3D S-wave velocity (Vs) model obtained from ambient noise surface-wave tomography. Our study shows that high-quality diving P waves can be extracted via cross-correlation and stacking of ambient seismic noise for an inland seismic array during intense pelagic atmospheric activity. These body waves provide additional constraints on subsurface structures compared to conventional ambient noise surface-wave tomography.