<p>As a nontrivial extension of the dihedral quandle <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(R_3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of order 3, a Galkin quandle <i>G</i>(<i>A</i>,&#xa0;<i>c</i>) is defined for each pointed abelian group (<i>A</i>,&#xa0;<i>c</i>). In this paper, we construct an extension <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_Q(A, \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of an Alexander quandle <i>Q</i> for each pair <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="44" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((A, \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of an abelian group <i>A</i> and an element <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of a power set <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="25" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A^B\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mi>B</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for some quotient set <i>B</i> of <i>Q</i> as a generalization of Galkin quandles; when <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q = R_3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_Q(A, \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is isomorphic to a Galkin quandle. We also give a topological interpretation to their colorings, that is, we see that a lift of a <i>Q</i>-coloring <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\rho \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ρ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="67" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G_Q(A, \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mi>Q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> has an information of the homology of the (irregular) branched covering space associated with <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\rho \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ρ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Furthermore, we can calculate linking numbers in the covering space as quandle 2-cocycle invariants. As an application, we show that any coloring on the dihedral quandle of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2m + 1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> lifts to the <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((2m + 1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-dimensional hyper-octahedral quandle. In terms of groups, this implies that any surjective representation of a knot group to the dihedral group <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="47" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(D_{2m+1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of order <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq14.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="72" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2(2m+1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> admits nontrivial lifts to the <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1030_Article_IEq15.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="65" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((2m+1)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-dimensional hyper-octahedral group.</p>

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Generalization of Galkin quandles and lifting property of dihedral colorings

  • Katsumi Ishikawa

摘要

As a nontrivial extension of the dihedral quandle \(R_3\) R 3 of order 3, a Galkin quandle G(Ac) is defined for each pointed abelian group (Ac). In this paper, we construct an extension \(G_Q(A, \gamma )\) G Q ( A , γ ) of an Alexander quandle Q for each pair \((A, \gamma )\) ( A , γ ) of an abelian group A and an element \(\gamma \) γ of a power set \(A^B\) A B for some quotient set B of Q as a generalization of Galkin quandles; when \(Q = R_3\) Q = R 3 , \(G_Q(A, \gamma )\) G Q ( A , γ ) is isomorphic to a Galkin quandle. We also give a topological interpretation to their colorings, that is, we see that a lift of a Q-coloring \(\rho \) ρ to \(G_Q(A, \gamma )\) G Q ( A , γ ) has an information of the homology of the (irregular) branched covering space associated with \(\rho \) ρ . Furthermore, we can calculate linking numbers in the covering space as quandle 2-cocycle invariants. As an application, we show that any coloring on the dihedral quandle of order \(2m + 1\) 2 m + 1 lifts to the \((2m + 1)\) ( 2 m + 1 ) -dimensional hyper-octahedral quandle. In terms of groups, this implies that any surjective representation of a knot group to the dihedral group \(D_{2m+1}\) D 2 m + 1 of order \(2(2m+1)\) 2 ( 2 m + 1 ) admits nontrivial lifts to the \((2m+1)\) ( 2 m + 1 ) -dimensional hyper-octahedral group.