<p>Given a compact surface <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with boundary and a relation <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pi _0(\partial \Sigma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>π</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we define the <i>prescribed arc graph</i> <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma ,\Gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to be the full subgraph of the arc graph <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="39" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> containing only classes of arcs between boundary components in <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We prove that <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma ,\Gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is connected and infinite-diameter (if <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Sigma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is not the sphere with three boundary components), and classify when it is <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>δ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-hyperbolic: in particular, <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma ,\Gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="script">A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>δ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-hyperbolic if and only if <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is not bipartite except in some sporadic cases, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_1000_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\delta \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>δ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> may be chosen uniformly.</p>

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Prescribed arc graphs

  • Michael C. Kopreski

摘要

Given a compact surface \(\Sigma \) Σ with boundary and a relation \(\Gamma \) Γ on \(\pi _0(\partial \Sigma )\) π 0 ( Σ ) , we define the prescribed arc graph \(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma ,\Gamma )\) A ( Σ , Γ ) to be the full subgraph of the arc graph \(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma )\) A ( Σ ) containing only classes of arcs between boundary components in \(\Gamma \) Γ . We prove that \(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma ,\Gamma )\) A ( Σ , Γ ) is connected and infinite-diameter (if \(\Sigma \) Σ is not the sphere with three boundary components), and classify when it is \(\delta \) δ -hyperbolic: in particular, \(\mathcal {A}(\Sigma ,\Gamma )\) A ( Σ , Γ ) is \(\delta \) δ -hyperbolic if and only if \(\Gamma \) Γ is not bipartite except in some sporadic cases, where \(\delta \) δ may be chosen uniformly.