<p>A quandle is an algebraic structure whose axioms are related to the Reidemeister moves used in knot theory. In this paper, we investigate the conjugate quandle of the orientation-preserving isometry group <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{PSL}(2, \mathbb {C})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>PSL</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> of hyperbolic 3-space and its subquandles. We introduce a quandle, denoted by <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="56" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q(\varGamma , \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Γ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, associated with a pair <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\varGamma , \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Γ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Here, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varGamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a Kleinian group, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\gamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a non-trivial element of <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\varGamma \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>Γ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. This construction can be regarded as a generalization of knot quandles to hyperbolic knots. Moreover, for pairs <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="42" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((\varGamma , \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Γ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> satisfying certain conditions, we construct the canonical map from <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="56" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(Q(\varGamma , \gamma )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>Q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>Γ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>γ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to the conjugate quandle of <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10711_2025_994_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="70" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb {C})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mtext>PSL</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, which is an injective quandle homomorphism with a discrete image.</p>

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On the quandles of isometries of the hyperbolic 3-space

  • Ryoya Kai

摘要

A quandle is an algebraic structure whose axioms are related to the Reidemeister moves used in knot theory. In this paper, we investigate the conjugate quandle of the orientation-preserving isometry group \(\textrm{PSL}(2, \mathbb {C})\) PSL ( 2 , C ) of hyperbolic 3-space and its subquandles. We introduce a quandle, denoted by \(Q(\varGamma , \gamma )\) Q ( Γ , γ ) , associated with a pair \((\varGamma , \gamma )\) ( Γ , γ ) . Here, \(\varGamma \) Γ is a Kleinian group, and \(\gamma \) γ is a non-trivial element of \(\varGamma \) Γ . This construction can be regarded as a generalization of knot quandles to hyperbolic knots. Moreover, for pairs \((\varGamma , \gamma )\) ( Γ , γ ) satisfying certain conditions, we construct the canonical map from \(Q(\varGamma , \gamma )\) Q ( Γ , γ ) to the conjugate quandle of \(\textrm{PSL}(2,\mathbb {C})\) PSL ( 2 , C ) , which is an injective quandle homomorphism with a discrete image.