<p>The Pakistani state has generally reinforced a singular identity through policies centered on one language and one religion. In discussions regarding Pakistan’s national identity as reflected in Urdu, two prominent trends have emerged: the dominant one is the ideological state, rooted in religion and faith, while the other is a geographical identity, which primarily draws on the Indus Valley civilization as the foundational basis of its identity. The foundations of topophilic identity have been shaped in part by anthropologists, but a significant contribution has come from the literary possible worlds. Novelists present the Indus Valley as a living civilization, revealing a diversity shaped by regional affiliations. These discussions now surpass ideological narratives in breadth, depth, and cultural influence. In this study, using Lubomir Dolezel’s Possible World theory, the discursive and comparative analysis of identity symbols across regional and state narratives show the role these narratives play in the current global landscape, particularly in the context of the Global South’s growing self-assurance and assertion of power. In postcolonial Pakistan, the rise of geography-based identities reflects a growing decolonial confidence,&#xa0;one that deals with both the colonial forms of knowledge and the epistemic violence of the postcolonial state. Moreover, this study shows, these narratives give centrality to feminine sensibilities against the grain of male centric colonial and postcolonial discourses. These narratives embody greater elements of inclusion and acceptance. This research explores a prominent tendency within contemporary Urdu narratives to articulate geographical foundations that run parallel to the ideological constructs of Pakistani identity.</p>

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Invoking geographical pasts in Pakistani narratives

  • Muhammad Naeem

摘要

The Pakistani state has generally reinforced a singular identity through policies centered on one language and one religion. In discussions regarding Pakistan’s national identity as reflected in Urdu, two prominent trends have emerged: the dominant one is the ideological state, rooted in religion and faith, while the other is a geographical identity, which primarily draws on the Indus Valley civilization as the foundational basis of its identity. The foundations of topophilic identity have been shaped in part by anthropologists, but a significant contribution has come from the literary possible worlds. Novelists present the Indus Valley as a living civilization, revealing a diversity shaped by regional affiliations. These discussions now surpass ideological narratives in breadth, depth, and cultural influence. In this study, using Lubomir Dolezel’s Possible World theory, the discursive and comparative analysis of identity symbols across regional and state narratives show the role these narratives play in the current global landscape, particularly in the context of the Global South’s growing self-assurance and assertion of power. In postcolonial Pakistan, the rise of geography-based identities reflects a growing decolonial confidence, one that deals with both the colonial forms of knowledge and the epistemic violence of the postcolonial state. Moreover, this study shows, these narratives give centrality to feminine sensibilities against the grain of male centric colonial and postcolonial discourses. These narratives embody greater elements of inclusion and acceptance. This research explores a prominent tendency within contemporary Urdu narratives to articulate geographical foundations that run parallel to the ideological constructs of Pakistani identity.