Gendered inequities in urban green space: a systematic review of access, safety, and daily usage
摘要
Urban green spaces provide wide-ranging environmental, social, and health benefits; nevertheless, access to and modes of engagement with these spaces are unevenly distributed across gender groups. A substantial portion of the existing scholarship adopts ostensibly gender-neutral analytical frameworks, thereby obscuring how gendered power relations, social norms, and everyday responsibilities shape differentiated experiences of access, safety, and use. This systematic review synthesizes empirical research on gendered inequities in urban green spaces across three interrelated dimensions: access, perceived and experienced safety, and daily usage. Guided by PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of the WoS and Scopus databases identified 78 peer-reviewed studies for inclusion. Using narrative and thematic synthesis, the review reveals persistent structural disadvantages affecting women and gender-diverse users, including limited spatial proximity to green spaces, restricted mobility, time scarcity linked to unpaid care work, economic constraints, and restrictive socio-cultural norms. Safety concerns emerge as a central mediating factor, shaping avoidance behaviors and constraining the temporal and spatial conditions of green space use. These intersecting constraints produce differentiated patterns of everyday engagement, with women’s use frequently concentrated in nearby, lower-quality spaces and confined to particular times of day. The findings demonstrate that gendered inequities in urban green spaces arise from interconnected structural and quotidian processes rather than from isolated barriers. Adopting a gender justice perspective, the review underscores the need for gender-sensitive and care-oriented planning and policy approaches that prioritize proximity, inclusive conceptions of safety, and everyday usability to promote more equitable, healthy, and sustainable urban environments.