<p>Urbanization poses threats to food security, specifically in developing countries, as it transforms many agricultural lands into built-up areas for developmental purposes. The study systematically reviewed a variety of literature to better understand the impact of urbanization on agricultural land and the people’s food security. The study employed a literature review methodological approach by analyzing a variety of scholarly studies on the subject. Databases such as Scopus and Google Scholar were explored for the literature search. As a result, fifty-seven articles were reviewed and used for the study. The study reviewed articles on a ten-year timeframe between 2015 and 2025. Findings from the review revealed that urbanization transforms about 1.2 million hectares of agricultural land globally per year, resulting in scarcity of land for agriculture and rising food insecurity, especially in developing countries. The continents of Africa and Asia were the most affected regions, where urban expansion and rural–urban migration have led to considerable loss of fertile land, diminished food production, and increased food insecurity. The study therefore emphasizes the necessity of balancing agricultural conservation through land sparing, which encourages agricultural land protected zones, and land sharing, which encourages urban agriculture in order to achieve sustainable urban environments and food security.</p>