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<p>Few studies have explored the impacts of rapid urban expansion on ecosystem health (EH) in small industrial cities of India using Google Earth Engine (GEE)-based Vigor–Organization–Resilience (VOR) frameworks. This study evaluates the impact of urban expansion on land use patterns and EH in Rourkela City from 2011 to 2021, using landscape metrics and EH analyzers. The GEE platform was employed to prepare the LULC maps used in this study, leveraging its robust computational resources for analyzing satellite imagery. A Vigor-Organization-Resilience approach was utilized to estimate EH quality in Rourkela, integrating LULC and landscape metrics to capture spatiotemporal variations over the past decade. Results reveal that the built-up area expanded substantially during the decade, leading to the conversion of approximately 12% of agricultural land, 9% of open land, and 3% of vegetated land into urban surfaces. Landscape metrics indicate that natural land covers experienced increased fragmentation, while built-up areas became more connected due to continued urbanization. The mean EH value declined from 0.306 in 2011 to 0.270 in 2021, signifying a continuous degradation of the city’s ecological condition. The findings provide essential inputs for achieving SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and communities) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) through improved urban ecological planning.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Leveraging Google Earth Engine and landscape metrics to assess implications of urban expansion on ecological health of Rourkela City, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Sudhakar Pal,
  • Dhananjay Patra,
  • Arabinda Sharma

摘要

Few studies have explored the impacts of rapid urban expansion on ecosystem health (EH) in small industrial cities of India using Google Earth Engine (GEE)-based Vigor–Organization–Resilience (VOR) frameworks. This study evaluates the impact of urban expansion on land use patterns and EH in Rourkela City from 2011 to 2021, using landscape metrics and EH analyzers. The GEE platform was employed to prepare the LULC maps used in this study, leveraging its robust computational resources for analyzing satellite imagery. A Vigor-Organization-Resilience approach was utilized to estimate EH quality in Rourkela, integrating LULC and landscape metrics to capture spatiotemporal variations over the past decade. Results reveal that the built-up area expanded substantially during the decade, leading to the conversion of approximately 12% of agricultural land, 9% of open land, and 3% of vegetated land into urban surfaces. Landscape metrics indicate that natural land covers experienced increased fragmentation, while built-up areas became more connected due to continued urbanization. The mean EH value declined from 0.306 in 2011 to 0.270 in 2021, signifying a continuous degradation of the city’s ecological condition. The findings provide essential inputs for achieving SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and communities) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) through improved urban ecological planning.

Graphical abstract