<p>With the acceleration of urbanization, urban spatial evolution and its sustainability evaluation have become important topics in urban planning and management. Based on remote sensing image analysis technology, this study makes an in-depth discussion on the spatial evolution of Henan in recent 20&#xa0;years. The temporal and spatial characteristics of urban expansion are revealed by collecting and processing multi-temporal and multi-resolution remote sensing data combined with geographic information system (GIS) technology. The study found that the city's built-up area increased from 100 square kilometers in 2000 to 300 square kilometers in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 5.2%. Urban expansion mainly extends axially along the traffic trunk line, showing two modes: internal filling and peripheral spreading. In the aspect of sustainability evaluation, an evaluation index system including three dimensions: economy, society, and environment, is constructed, and the weighted comprehensive evaluation model is used to evaluate the level of urban sustainable development quantitatively. The results show that the urban sustainable development index increased from 0.45 to 0.75 during the study period. This indicates that cities have achieved remarkable economic growth and social progress, but the environmental pressure is still high. Further analysis shows that the proportion of urban green space area has dropped from 10% in 2000 to 7% in 2020, while industrial land and residential land have increased significantly, accounting for 25% and 40% of the total urban area, respectively. The results show that although urban spatial expansion brings economic development and social progress, it also brings ecological and environmental pressure. Therefore, some suggestions are put forward, such as optimizing urban spatial structure, increasing green space area, and improving land use efficiency to promote urban sustainable development.</p>