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<p>Seasonal freezing and thawing can markedly alter the lateral response of wind turbine pile-group foundations by changing soil properties and pile-soil interaction. To clarify the combined effects of temperature variation and pile-group interaction, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite-element model was developed in Abaqus for laterally loaded pile groups in seasonally frozen ground. The model combines transient heat-transfer analysis with equivalent mechanical parameters for different seasonal soil states, allowing unfrozen, frozen, and post-thaw softened conditions to be represented. The results show that freezing significantly enhances the lateral resistance of the pile group and forms a near-surface rigid shell that governs load transfer. More than 80% of the total lateral resistance is mobilized within the upper six pile diameters, and the peak soil resistance in the frozen condition is about 4.7&#xa0;t that in the unfrozen and thawed conditions. Compared with the unfrozen condition, ground-surface displacement decreases by about 76% under freezing but increases by about 32% after thawing. The maximum bending moment occurs near the pile head, decreases under freezing, and increases after thawing. The frozen crust confines most lateral resistance near the ground surface and suppresses the mobilization of resistance in the underlying unfrozen layer. Strong pile-group interaction is also observed, with the average ultimate resistance per pile being only 33%-45% of that of a single pile. Based on these results, a simplified empirical <i>p</i>-<i>y</i> curve modification for pile groups in frozen ground is proposed by considering pile-group interaction and the freezing-induced rigid-shell effect. These findings suggest that the lateral design of wind turbine pile groups in seasonally frozen regions should explicitly consider resistance concentration in the frozen crust, post-thaw softening of the near-surface soil, and pile-group interaction, rather than directly relying on conventional unfrozen-soil <i>p</i>-<i>y</i> formulations.</p>

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Lateral Response of Wind Turbine Pile Groups in Seasonally Frozen Ground

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Weigang Li,
  • Ke Liang,
  • Fawu Wang,
  • Shitang Ke,
  • Yan Qin,
  • Xingyu Zhang,
  • Hongbing Bao

摘要

Seasonal freezing and thawing can markedly alter the lateral response of wind turbine pile-group foundations by changing soil properties and pile-soil interaction. To clarify the combined effects of temperature variation and pile-group interaction, a three-dimensional thermo-mechanical finite-element model was developed in Abaqus for laterally loaded pile groups in seasonally frozen ground. The model combines transient heat-transfer analysis with equivalent mechanical parameters for different seasonal soil states, allowing unfrozen, frozen, and post-thaw softened conditions to be represented. The results show that freezing significantly enhances the lateral resistance of the pile group and forms a near-surface rigid shell that governs load transfer. More than 80% of the total lateral resistance is mobilized within the upper six pile diameters, and the peak soil resistance in the frozen condition is about 4.7 t that in the unfrozen and thawed conditions. Compared with the unfrozen condition, ground-surface displacement decreases by about 76% under freezing but increases by about 32% after thawing. The maximum bending moment occurs near the pile head, decreases under freezing, and increases after thawing. The frozen crust confines most lateral resistance near the ground surface and suppresses the mobilization of resistance in the underlying unfrozen layer. Strong pile-group interaction is also observed, with the average ultimate resistance per pile being only 33%-45% of that of a single pile. Based on these results, a simplified empirical p-y curve modification for pile groups in frozen ground is proposed by considering pile-group interaction and the freezing-induced rigid-shell effect. These findings suggest that the lateral design of wind turbine pile groups in seasonally frozen regions should explicitly consider resistance concentration in the frozen crust, post-thaw softening of the near-surface soil, and pile-group interaction, rather than directly relying on conventional unfrozen-soil p-y formulations.