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<p>The Karaman-Ulukışla Railway Project in southern Türkiye includes the Karaman T-2 (Çakmak) Tunnel, which traverses weak clay units with medium to stiff consistency, reaching thicknesses of up to 60&#xa0;m. During tunnel excavation, a significant failure occurred in weak ground, producing a circular surface subsidence with a diameter of approximately 40&#xa0;m and a depth exceeding 1.2&#xa0;m. This study investigates the failure mechanisms and assesses the feasibility, applicability, and performance of an unconventional deep soil mixing (DSM) ground improvement method using 60&#xa0;m-long columns—an approach rarely implemented in practice. Two- and three-dimensional finite element models, calibrated with field and laboratory data, confirmed the agreement between observed deformations and computed results. The analyses demonstrated that DSM significantly enhanced ground rigidity, necessitating a reassessment of excavation classification and enabling a more cost-effective tunnel design. Following ground improvement with DSM columns, the tunnel support system was revised from C-3 to B-3. Monitoring during excavation with the B-3 system recorded a maximum deformation of 21&#xa0;mm. This modification resulted in approximately 15% time savings and 25% cost savings in the DSM-improved tunnel section.</p>

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Extra-Long DSM Columns for Post-Collapse Stabilization of a Tunnel Constructed in Weak Ground

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月17日

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  • Bartu Celenk,
  • Sami Oguzhan Akbas,
  • Candan Gokceoglu

摘要

The Karaman-Ulukışla Railway Project in southern Türkiye includes the Karaman T-2 (Çakmak) Tunnel, which traverses weak clay units with medium to stiff consistency, reaching thicknesses of up to 60 m. During tunnel excavation, a significant failure occurred in weak ground, producing a circular surface subsidence with a diameter of approximately 40 m and a depth exceeding 1.2 m. This study investigates the failure mechanisms and assesses the feasibility, applicability, and performance of an unconventional deep soil mixing (DSM) ground improvement method using 60 m-long columns—an approach rarely implemented in practice. Two- and three-dimensional finite element models, calibrated with field and laboratory data, confirmed the agreement between observed deformations and computed results. The analyses demonstrated that DSM significantly enhanced ground rigidity, necessitating a reassessment of excavation classification and enabling a more cost-effective tunnel design. Following ground improvement with DSM columns, the tunnel support system was revised from C-3 to B-3. Monitoring during excavation with the B-3 system recorded a maximum deformation of 21 mm. This modification resulted in approximately 15% time savings and 25% cost savings in the DSM-improved tunnel section.