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<p>This study experimentally investigates the lateral response of offshore monopile foundations under combined scour and sustained vertical loading. Model tests were conducted in medium-dense dry sand (<i>Dr</i> = 60%) using a half-pile configuration under non-scour, local scour (depth = 2D, <i>θ</i> = 30°), and general scour (depth = 2D) conditions, with vertical load ratios (V/V<sub>ult</sub>) of 0–1.0. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) captured full-field soil deformation, and pile bending moments were derived from strain gauge measurements. Vertical loading exhibited a stage-dependent influence on lateral behaviour. Below a characteristic lateral load <i>H</i><sub>c</sub>, vertical loading enhanced pile-soil confinement, reducing pile-head displacement. Above <i>H</i><sub>c</sub>, the <i>P-Δ</i> effect dominated, increasing lateral displacement and maximum bending moment. Scour significantly amplified these effects: Compared with the no-scour condition, <i>H</i><sub>c</sub> decreased by 34% and 66% under local and general scour, respectively, and pile-head displacement under <i>F</i> = 12.54&#xa0;N, V = 0.75&#xa0;V<sub>ult</sub> reached 183.48% and 257.89% of the zero-vertical-load value. PIV analysis showed that increasing scour severity progressively transitions soil deformation from localised plastic zones to continuous shear bands, accelerating failure. This study provides the first experimental characterisation of the coupled vertical load-scour interaction in sand via PIV. The results highlight that under general scour and high vertical load ratios (V/V<sub>ult</sub> &gt; 0.5), simultaneous <i>P-Δ</i> amplification and scour-induced confinement loss critically compromise the lateral safety of monopile foundations.</p>

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Lateral Response of Offshore Monopiles under Combined Scour and Vertical Loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Feng Yu,
  • Hao Wu,
  • Xiaofeng Yang,
  • Lintao Jia,
  • Chenrong Zhang

摘要

This study experimentally investigates the lateral response of offshore monopile foundations under combined scour and sustained vertical loading. Model tests were conducted in medium-dense dry sand (Dr = 60%) using a half-pile configuration under non-scour, local scour (depth = 2D, θ = 30°), and general scour (depth = 2D) conditions, with vertical load ratios (V/Vult) of 0–1.0. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) captured full-field soil deformation, and pile bending moments were derived from strain gauge measurements. Vertical loading exhibited a stage-dependent influence on lateral behaviour. Below a characteristic lateral load Hc, vertical loading enhanced pile-soil confinement, reducing pile-head displacement. Above Hc, the P-Δ effect dominated, increasing lateral displacement and maximum bending moment. Scour significantly amplified these effects: Compared with the no-scour condition, Hc decreased by 34% and 66% under local and general scour, respectively, and pile-head displacement under F = 12.54 N, V = 0.75 Vult reached 183.48% and 257.89% of the zero-vertical-load value. PIV analysis showed that increasing scour severity progressively transitions soil deformation from localised plastic zones to continuous shear bands, accelerating failure. This study provides the first experimental characterisation of the coupled vertical load-scour interaction in sand via PIV. The results highlight that under general scour and high vertical load ratios (V/Vult > 0.5), simultaneous P-Δ amplification and scour-induced confinement loss critically compromise the lateral safety of monopile foundations.