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<p>To overcome the low bearing capacity of pile foundations and excessive foundation treatment depth in thick loess areas, a novel pile–cylinder composite foundation is proposed. Comparative model tests were conducted to evaluate the load–bearing performance of the proposed foundation against conventional piles. Numerical simulations were further performed to analyze the load–settlement behavior, stress and displacement distributions, and plastic strain evolution of the surrounding soil under vertical loading. Results show the composite foundation achieves about 2.5 times the bearing capacity of conventional piles at the same depth and reduces settlement to 20% under the same load. The system features a composite load–sharing mechanism among the inner pile, the cylindrical pile, and the soil core. The vertical stress in the soil core peaks at 0.40– 0.50&#xa0;m, indicating a significant soil–plug effect. Under vertical loading, indicating a global failure mode governed primarily by the cylindrical pile, while the inner pile mainly contributes through shaft resistance. These findings provide valuable guidance for the application of pile–cylinder composite foundations in thick loess areas.</p>

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Vertical bearing capacity and failure mechanisms of pile–cylinder composite foundations in thick loess

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Yan Huang,
  • Jinghua Zhang,
  • Bo Yang,
  • Yongping Liang

摘要

To overcome the low bearing capacity of pile foundations and excessive foundation treatment depth in thick loess areas, a novel pile–cylinder composite foundation is proposed. Comparative model tests were conducted to evaluate the load–bearing performance of the proposed foundation against conventional piles. Numerical simulations were further performed to analyze the load–settlement behavior, stress and displacement distributions, and plastic strain evolution of the surrounding soil under vertical loading. Results show the composite foundation achieves about 2.5 times the bearing capacity of conventional piles at the same depth and reduces settlement to 20% under the same load. The system features a composite load–sharing mechanism among the inner pile, the cylindrical pile, and the soil core. The vertical stress in the soil core peaks at 0.40– 0.50 m, indicating a significant soil–plug effect. Under vertical loading, indicating a global failure mode governed primarily by the cylindrical pile, while the inner pile mainly contributes through shaft resistance. These findings provide valuable guidance for the application of pile–cylinder composite foundations in thick loess areas.