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<p>This study investigates the response of a parent tunnel (PT) lining to volume loss and cross-passage (CP) shape and how it affects the stress redistribution and deformation of the PT lining around the opening for shallow tunnels in cohesionless soils. Three-dimensional finite-element parametric analyses were carried out using the Hardening Soil with Small Strain constitutive model simulated varying soil densities, CP/PT size ratios (0.25–0.90), PT volume-loss values (0.25–1.0%) and four CP geometries (circular, square, modified horseshoe, inverted-D). Results show that increasing PT volume loss generally reduces residual hoop stresses at CP springlines and crown/invert while producing higher longitudinal stresses at the springlines. CP shape controls stress arching: circular openings concentrate hoop stresses at the springlines, whereas square, inverted-D and modified-horseshoe shapes transfer higher stresses to crown/invert regions. CP deformations decrease with increasing PT volume loss. Among the shapes considered, square openings exhibit the largest vertical deformations, while circular openings show the least. Normalised force–moment plots are developed to guide lining reinforcement around CPs and to inform shape-specific reinforcement detailing aimed at mitigating localised stress concentrations.</p>

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Stress Transfer Around Cross Passages in Shallow Tunnels: Effects of Volume Loss and Cross Passage Shape

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Ahsan Saif,
  • Munawar Hussain,
  • Enrico Soranzo,
  • Wei Wu

摘要

This study investigates the response of a parent tunnel (PT) lining to volume loss and cross-passage (CP) shape and how it affects the stress redistribution and deformation of the PT lining around the opening for shallow tunnels in cohesionless soils. Three-dimensional finite-element parametric analyses were carried out using the Hardening Soil with Small Strain constitutive model simulated varying soil densities, CP/PT size ratios (0.25–0.90), PT volume-loss values (0.25–1.0%) and four CP geometries (circular, square, modified horseshoe, inverted-D). Results show that increasing PT volume loss generally reduces residual hoop stresses at CP springlines and crown/invert while producing higher longitudinal stresses at the springlines. CP shape controls stress arching: circular openings concentrate hoop stresses at the springlines, whereas square, inverted-D and modified-horseshoe shapes transfer higher stresses to crown/invert regions. CP deformations decrease with increasing PT volume loss. Among the shapes considered, square openings exhibit the largest vertical deformations, while circular openings show the least. Normalised force–moment plots are developed to guide lining reinforcement around CPs and to inform shape-specific reinforcement detailing aimed at mitigating localised stress concentrations.