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<p>The vibratory probe compaction method has been increasingly applied to improve loess foundations in recent years. However, the underlying improvement mechanisms in structured loess, particularly under dynamic penetration and large deformation conditions, remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a numerical investigation of the vibratory probe compaction process in structured loess using the Geotechnical Particle Finite Element Method. An elasto-plastic constitutive model that accounts for structural evolution under cyclic loading is employed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the soil. The results show that probe penetration induces substantial soil displacement, with horizontal displacements extending up to approximately 5 times the probe radius (<i>R</i>). Vertical oscillations significantly alter both vertical and horizontal stress fields, leading to notable soil improvement. Volumetric plastic strain analysis indicates that the improvement effect is concentrated within a radial distance of 2–3<i>R</i> and a vertical depth of 1–2<i>R</i> below the probe tip. The compaction effectiveness is strongly influenced by vibration frequency, amplitude, and penetration velocity, with optimal values identified as 16&#xa0;Hz, 3&#xa0;mm, and 20&#xa0;mm/s, respectively. These findings provide clear insights into the dynamic improvement behavior of structured loess and offer practical guidance for optimizing vibratory probe compaction in foundation engineering.</p>

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Geotechnical Particle Finite Element Simulation of Vibratory Probe Compaction in Structured Loess

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Changhui Gao,
  • Josep Maria Carbonell,
  • Bin Wang,
  • Lluís Monforte,
  • Yugang Wang,
  • Wei Duan,
  • Yankai Wu

摘要

The vibratory probe compaction method has been increasingly applied to improve loess foundations in recent years. However, the underlying improvement mechanisms in structured loess, particularly under dynamic penetration and large deformation conditions, remain insufficiently understood. This study presents a numerical investigation of the vibratory probe compaction process in structured loess using the Geotechnical Particle Finite Element Method. An elasto-plastic constitutive model that accounts for structural evolution under cyclic loading is employed to simulate the dynamic behavior of the soil. The results show that probe penetration induces substantial soil displacement, with horizontal displacements extending up to approximately 5 times the probe radius (R). Vertical oscillations significantly alter both vertical and horizontal stress fields, leading to notable soil improvement. Volumetric plastic strain analysis indicates that the improvement effect is concentrated within a radial distance of 2–3R and a vertical depth of 1–2R below the probe tip. The compaction effectiveness is strongly influenced by vibration frequency, amplitude, and penetration velocity, with optimal values identified as 16 Hz, 3 mm, and 20 mm/s, respectively. These findings provide clear insights into the dynamic improvement behavior of structured loess and offer practical guidance for optimizing vibratory probe compaction in foundation engineering.