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<p>The presence of elliptical voids in sandstone induces pronounced anisotropy, predisposing the rock to shear or tensile failure and potentially triggering engineering hazards such as tunnel instability. To investigate the mechanical anisotropy of sandstone containing elliptical voids under combined compression–shear loading, this study integrates theoretical analysis, uniaxial compression tests, and numerical simulations to systematically examine the effects of void inclination angle (α), aspect ratio (k), and normal stress on the mechanical properties and failure behavior. The crack evolution mechanism under compression–shear conditions is further elucidated through acoustic emission (AE)‑based numerical simulations. The results indicate that under low normal stress (1–2&#xa0;MPa), the peak shear strength initially increases and then decreases with increasing α, whereas under high normal stress (3–6&#xa0;MPa), it exhibits a trend of initial decrease followed by increase. The shear stiffness consistently shows a pattern of initial decline and subsequent recovery with increasing α. When α is neither 0° nor 90°, both the peak shear strength and stiffness gradually decrease as k increases. The elliptical void significantly degrades the mechanical properties of sandstone; however, this degradation weakens with increasing normal stress and eventually stabilizes, indicating that normal stress can enhance the mechanical performance of sandstone to some extent. AE simulations reveal that both α and k influence the internal stress distribution, promoting a failure mode dominated by coalesced tensile cracks. The investigation into the mechanical characteristics and failure mechanisms of sandstone with elliptical voids under compression–shear loading provides a theoretical foundation for stability assessment and hazard prevention in tunnel engineering.</p>

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Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Anisotropy in Sandstone Containing Eliptical Cavities Under Combined Compression and Shear

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月21日

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  • Haiyang Wang,
  • Yunlong Cao,
  • Zhuang Li,
  • Shuai Liu,
  • Yin Yang

摘要

The presence of elliptical voids in sandstone induces pronounced anisotropy, predisposing the rock to shear or tensile failure and potentially triggering engineering hazards such as tunnel instability. To investigate the mechanical anisotropy of sandstone containing elliptical voids under combined compression–shear loading, this study integrates theoretical analysis, uniaxial compression tests, and numerical simulations to systematically examine the effects of void inclination angle (α), aspect ratio (k), and normal stress on the mechanical properties and failure behavior. The crack evolution mechanism under compression–shear conditions is further elucidated through acoustic emission (AE)‑based numerical simulations. The results indicate that under low normal stress (1–2 MPa), the peak shear strength initially increases and then decreases with increasing α, whereas under high normal stress (3–6 MPa), it exhibits a trend of initial decrease followed by increase. The shear stiffness consistently shows a pattern of initial decline and subsequent recovery with increasing α. When α is neither 0° nor 90°, both the peak shear strength and stiffness gradually decrease as k increases. The elliptical void significantly degrades the mechanical properties of sandstone; however, this degradation weakens with increasing normal stress and eventually stabilizes, indicating that normal stress can enhance the mechanical performance of sandstone to some extent. AE simulations reveal that both α and k influence the internal stress distribution, promoting a failure mode dominated by coalesced tensile cracks. The investigation into the mechanical characteristics and failure mechanisms of sandstone with elliptical voids under compression–shear loading provides a theoretical foundation for stability assessment and hazard prevention in tunnel engineering.