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<p>This study investigates the effects of rainfall intensity and clay content on the deformation and instability mechanisms of granular slopes through physical model experiments. Referencing extreme rainfall data from Urumqi, a distributed rainfall system was constructed along with a granular accumulation model. Using high-speed photography, three-dimensional laser scanning, and multi-sensor monitoring techniques, we systematically analyzed the instability processes of slopes under rainfall intensities of 12–18&#xa0;mm/h, and clay contents of 0%, 12%, and 24%. The results indicate that: (1) Rainfall intensity significantly accelerates the destruction process. The cumulative settlement rate for the 18&#xa0;mm/h group (15.41%) was 27.6% higher than that of the 12&#xa0;mm/h group (12.08%), with destruction occurring 40% earlier. This was primarily due to increased peak pore water pressures, enhanced drag force from runoff (with a 1.5-fold increase in flow velocity), and a multicentric diffusion damage model; (2) Clay content controls the deformation mechanism through pore clogging and fine particle migration. The clay-containing groups (12%, 24%) showed an “S”-shaped increase in pore water pressure (peak value 0.62&#xa0;kPa), with landslide volumes increasing by 97.5% and 135.7% respectively compared to the clay-free group, and a 40% reduction in friction coefficient after saturation; (3) Slope failure exhibited a three-stage evolution: initial saturation (0–6&#xa0;min), relative stability (6–10&#xa0;min), and sudden instability (10–15&#xa0;min), with clay loss and dynamic pore water pressure being key drivers. The construction of a physical model and monitoring system for rainfall-induced disasters in granular slopes revealed the catastrophic mechanism under the combined effects of short-duration intense rainfall and clay, providing support for landslide early warning systems in high-altitude mountainous regions.</p>

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Effects of Pore Water Pressure on the Stability of Granular Slopes Under Simulated Rainfall

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月17日

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  • Xiaoli Wu,
  • Liangfu Xie,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Kun Fang

摘要

This study investigates the effects of rainfall intensity and clay content on the deformation and instability mechanisms of granular slopes through physical model experiments. Referencing extreme rainfall data from Urumqi, a distributed rainfall system was constructed along with a granular accumulation model. Using high-speed photography, three-dimensional laser scanning, and multi-sensor monitoring techniques, we systematically analyzed the instability processes of slopes under rainfall intensities of 12–18 mm/h, and clay contents of 0%, 12%, and 24%. The results indicate that: (1) Rainfall intensity significantly accelerates the destruction process. The cumulative settlement rate for the 18 mm/h group (15.41%) was 27.6% higher than that of the 12 mm/h group (12.08%), with destruction occurring 40% earlier. This was primarily due to increased peak pore water pressures, enhanced drag force from runoff (with a 1.5-fold increase in flow velocity), and a multicentric diffusion damage model; (2) Clay content controls the deformation mechanism through pore clogging and fine particle migration. The clay-containing groups (12%, 24%) showed an “S”-shaped increase in pore water pressure (peak value 0.62 kPa), with landslide volumes increasing by 97.5% and 135.7% respectively compared to the clay-free group, and a 40% reduction in friction coefficient after saturation; (3) Slope failure exhibited a three-stage evolution: initial saturation (0–6 min), relative stability (6–10 min), and sudden instability (10–15 min), with clay loss and dynamic pore water pressure being key drivers. The construction of a physical model and monitoring system for rainfall-induced disasters in granular slopes revealed the catastrophic mechanism under the combined effects of short-duration intense rainfall and clay, providing support for landslide early warning systems in high-altitude mountainous regions.