<p>The prediction of ground deformations, including surface and subsurface settlements, is essential for ensuring the safety and stability of surrounding infrastructure during tunnelling operations. This study reviews existing methods for estimating ground deformation, focusing on settlement troughs and key parameters such as maximum surface settlement (<i>S</i>_{<i>max</i>,<i>s</i>}), maximum subsurface settlement (<i>S</i>_{<i>max</i>,<i>z</i>}), trough width parameter (<i>k</i>), surface trough width (<i>i</i>_<i>s</i>), sub-surface trough width (<i>i</i>_<i>z</i>), volume loss (<i>V</i>_<i>L</i>), tunnel diameter (<i>D</i>), and cover depth (<i>C</i>). Analysis of case studies across various soil types reveals significant variability in these parameters. Cohesive soils exhibit trough width parameter values between 0.4 and 0.6, while cohesionless soils range from 0.2 to 0.5. This study proposes new predictive equations for surface and subsurface settlement and trough width. These equations incorporate critical variables such as soil type, volume loss, tunnel diameter, and cover depth, offering enhanced accuracy. The estimation from the proposed equation has also been validated against the reported case study data and then compared with the existing empirical models. The proposed models offer engineers a more reliable tool for assessing ground deformation, improving risk the assessment and safety of tunnelling projects.</p>