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<p>This study examines the combined effects of tapering geometry, group configuration, and relative density on the behaviour of partially tapered belled pile groups subjected to inclined loading in sand. Laboratory model tests were conducted on 1 × 2 and 1 × 3 pile groups embedded in loose (39.5%) and medium-dense (70%) relative density of sand. The experimental programme was supported by validated three-dimensional finite element analyses using PLAXIS 3D. The investigation considered length-to-diameter ratios (L/D = 12, 17, and 22), tapering angles ranging from 0° to 7°, and pile spacings of 3D, 4D, and 5D. The results show that tapering significantly modifies group interaction and enhances lateral resistance. Optimum performance was observed at taper angles of 5°–7°, particularly for L/D = 22. Quantitative analysis revealed that the 1 × 3 pile group at 4D spacing achieved a 4.55% increase in ultimate lateral capacity in dense sand and a 5.00% increase in loose sand compared with the 1 × 2 group. The numerical simulations reproduced these trends with deviations generally within ± 10%. The study further indicates that tapering efficiency decreases in larger groups due to increased stress overlap. In dense sand, the benefit of tapering becomes less pronounced because soil confinement already dominates the response. These findings clarify the coupled influence of tapering angle, pile spacing, and soil density. The results provide improved design insights for tapered pile groups subjected to inclined loading.</p>

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Behaviour of Laterally Loaded Tapered Pile Groups under Inclined Loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Shivarajkumar Goudar,
  • B. R. Vinod,
  • Alice Johny,
  • Chandrakant

摘要

This study examines the combined effects of tapering geometry, group configuration, and relative density on the behaviour of partially tapered belled pile groups subjected to inclined loading in sand. Laboratory model tests were conducted on 1 × 2 and 1 × 3 pile groups embedded in loose (39.5%) and medium-dense (70%) relative density of sand. The experimental programme was supported by validated three-dimensional finite element analyses using PLAXIS 3D. The investigation considered length-to-diameter ratios (L/D = 12, 17, and 22), tapering angles ranging from 0° to 7°, and pile spacings of 3D, 4D, and 5D. The results show that tapering significantly modifies group interaction and enhances lateral resistance. Optimum performance was observed at taper angles of 5°–7°, particularly for L/D = 22. Quantitative analysis revealed that the 1 × 3 pile group at 4D spacing achieved a 4.55% increase in ultimate lateral capacity in dense sand and a 5.00% increase in loose sand compared with the 1 × 2 group. The numerical simulations reproduced these trends with deviations generally within ± 10%. The study further indicates that tapering efficiency decreases in larger groups due to increased stress overlap. In dense sand, the benefit of tapering becomes less pronounced because soil confinement already dominates the response. These findings clarify the coupled influence of tapering angle, pile spacing, and soil density. The results provide improved design insights for tapered pile groups subjected to inclined loading.