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<p>Inclined loading poses a critical challenge for pile foundations supporting towers, offshore structures, and machine foundations. While single piles under vertical and lateral loads are well studied, few investigations compare the behaviour of partially tapered belled piles and straight bored piles under inclined loading. This study presents an integrated experimental and numerical investigation of single pile embedded in dry sand under an inclined load of 67.5°. Model tests were performed on bored piles (0°) and tapered belled piles with tapering angles of 3°, 5°, and 7°, at relative densities of 39.5% and 70% and length-to-diameter ratios of 12, 17, and 22. Finite element simulations in PLAXIS 3D were conducted to validate experimental findings and assess soil–pile interaction. Results indicate that tapering angle and relative density strongly influence load capacity and deformation. Optimum performance occurred for a 3° taper at L/D = 22 in dense sand, with experimental and numerical capacities of 2.0 kN and 2.3 kN, respectively. The close agreement highlights model reliability and demonstrates the efficiency of tapered belled piles compared to bored piles. These findings provide practical insights for optimizing pile geometry and embedment depth and enhancing safety and economy in foundation design.</p>

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Behaviour of Single Tapered Belled and Straight Bored Piles Under Inclined Load: A Comparative Study Using PLAXIS 3D

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Shivarajkumar Goudar,
  • Hemantkumar Ronad,
  • Allamaprabhu Kamatagi,
  • Chandrakant

摘要

Inclined loading poses a critical challenge for pile foundations supporting towers, offshore structures, and machine foundations. While single piles under vertical and lateral loads are well studied, few investigations compare the behaviour of partially tapered belled piles and straight bored piles under inclined loading. This study presents an integrated experimental and numerical investigation of single pile embedded in dry sand under an inclined load of 67.5°. Model tests were performed on bored piles (0°) and tapered belled piles with tapering angles of 3°, 5°, and 7°, at relative densities of 39.5% and 70% and length-to-diameter ratios of 12, 17, and 22. Finite element simulations in PLAXIS 3D were conducted to validate experimental findings and assess soil–pile interaction. Results indicate that tapering angle and relative density strongly influence load capacity and deformation. Optimum performance occurred for a 3° taper at L/D = 22 in dense sand, with experimental and numerical capacities of 2.0 kN and 2.3 kN, respectively. The close agreement highlights model reliability and demonstrates the efficiency of tapered belled piles compared to bored piles. These findings provide practical insights for optimizing pile geometry and embedment depth and enhancing safety and economy in foundation design.