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<p>Environmental issues such as acid rain significantly alter the hydrochemical environment, leading to the deterioration of soft rock properties and triggering a series of engineering geological problems. In this study, mudstone was selected as the research object and different types of hydrochemical solutions were prepared. Laterally confined swelling tests, X-ray diffraction tests, nuclear magnetic resonance tests and scanning electron microscopy tests were then carried out. The swelling characteristics and evolution mechanism of mudstone in hydrochemical environments were investigated across multiple scales and the intrinsic relationship between the macroscopic expansion of mudstone and microscopic and mesoscopic structures was explored. Finally, based on the experimental data and grey system theory, a macro-meso-micro correlation model for mudstone swelling under varying hydrochemical conditions was established. The results indicate that: (1) Physicochemical water–rock interactions primarily influence the microstructural evolution of mudstone during swelling through mechanisms such as mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and pore variation; (2) A notable correlation exists between the macroscopic swelling behavior of mudstone and its microstructural parameters, with pore volume and clay mineral content being the main factors affecting the swelling rate; (3) The established macro-meso-micro correlation model for mudstone swelling in this study effectively predicts the swelling rate of mudstone under various hydrochemical environments. These findings offer valuable insights for understanding the swelling mechanisms of mudstone in complex hydrochemical environments and for addressing related engineering challenges.</p>

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Multi-scale Investigation of Mudstone Swelling Behavior Under Hydrochemical Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Qingjun Zuo,
  • Mengjian Yang,
  • Pan Li,
  • Qinglin Yi,
  • Yiliang Liu,
  • Biao Wang,
  • Xuefeng He

摘要

Environmental issues such as acid rain significantly alter the hydrochemical environment, leading to the deterioration of soft rock properties and triggering a series of engineering geological problems. In this study, mudstone was selected as the research object and different types of hydrochemical solutions were prepared. Laterally confined swelling tests, X-ray diffraction tests, nuclear magnetic resonance tests and scanning electron microscopy tests were then carried out. The swelling characteristics and evolution mechanism of mudstone in hydrochemical environments were investigated across multiple scales and the intrinsic relationship between the macroscopic expansion of mudstone and microscopic and mesoscopic structures was explored. Finally, based on the experimental data and grey system theory, a macro-meso-micro correlation model for mudstone swelling under varying hydrochemical conditions was established. The results indicate that: (1) Physicochemical water–rock interactions primarily influence the microstructural evolution of mudstone during swelling through mechanisms such as mineral dissolution, ion exchange, and pore variation; (2) A notable correlation exists between the macroscopic swelling behavior of mudstone and its microstructural parameters, with pore volume and clay mineral content being the main factors affecting the swelling rate; (3) The established macro-meso-micro correlation model for mudstone swelling in this study effectively predicts the swelling rate of mudstone under various hydrochemical environments. These findings offer valuable insights for understanding the swelling mechanisms of mudstone in complex hydrochemical environments and for addressing related engineering challenges.