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<p>This study investigates the seismic behavior of shallow rocking foundations with curved sliding interfaces placed on dense sand layers. The study introduces a performance-based optimization framework for curvature ratio (R<sub>c</sub>/B) that quantitatively links geometric shaping to seismic energy dissipation and self-centering efficiency. A numerical framework is developed in OpenSees to model nonlinear soil–structure interaction using the advanced PM4Sand constitutive model. The superstructure is represented as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system, and the foundation interface is modeled as either flat or concave with varying curvature radii. Multiple real ground motion records with diverse frequency content and duration are used to simulate dynamic excitation. The results demonstrate that curved-base foundations exhibit significantly enhanced seismic performance compared to conventional flat-base systems. Compared with the flat-base foundation (R<sub>c</sub>/B = 1.0), the optimally curved configuration (R<sub>c</sub>/B ≈ 2.0–2.5) achieved an average 70% reduction in residual rotation and a 40% increase in normalized energy dissipation (ΣE<sub>d</sub>/E<sub>in</sub>) across four representative earthquake records (Kobe, El Centro, Northridge, and Chi-Chi). Curved interfaces also provide greater rotational stiffness, improved self-centering capability, and a more uniform stress distribution at the soil–foundation interface. Parametric analysis confirms that the curvature radius is a key design parameter influencing energy dissipation and rocking stability. All comparative performance metrics were computed from the mean response of four real earthquake records scaled to PGA = 0.5&#xa0;g. These findings highlight the effectiveness of passive geometric shaping as a low-cost alternative to mechanical seismic isolation techniques, particularly for lightweight structures, bridges, and retrofit applications in sandy soils.</p>

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Seismic Performance of Curved Base Rocking Foundations on Sand: Energy Dissipation and Self Centering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Reza Ala,
  • Meysam Fadaee

摘要

This study investigates the seismic behavior of shallow rocking foundations with curved sliding interfaces placed on dense sand layers. The study introduces a performance-based optimization framework for curvature ratio (Rc/B) that quantitatively links geometric shaping to seismic energy dissipation and self-centering efficiency. A numerical framework is developed in OpenSees to model nonlinear soil–structure interaction using the advanced PM4Sand constitutive model. The superstructure is represented as a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system, and the foundation interface is modeled as either flat or concave with varying curvature radii. Multiple real ground motion records with diverse frequency content and duration are used to simulate dynamic excitation. The results demonstrate that curved-base foundations exhibit significantly enhanced seismic performance compared to conventional flat-base systems. Compared with the flat-base foundation (Rc/B = 1.0), the optimally curved configuration (Rc/B ≈ 2.0–2.5) achieved an average 70% reduction in residual rotation and a 40% increase in normalized energy dissipation (ΣEd/Ein) across four representative earthquake records (Kobe, El Centro, Northridge, and Chi-Chi). Curved interfaces also provide greater rotational stiffness, improved self-centering capability, and a more uniform stress distribution at the soil–foundation interface. Parametric analysis confirms that the curvature radius is a key design parameter influencing energy dissipation and rocking stability. All comparative performance metrics were computed from the mean response of four real earthquake records scaled to PGA = 0.5 g. These findings highlight the effectiveness of passive geometric shaping as a low-cost alternative to mechanical seismic isolation techniques, particularly for lightweight structures, bridges, and retrofit applications in sandy soils.