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<p>The use of Artificial ground freezing (AGF) in tunneling, mine excavation and emergency construction has been commonplace. Previous studies have been conducted through field measurements, model tests, and numerical simulations, but most studies have ignored the randomness of the underground soil layers. This study investigates the spatial variability of sensitivity parameters in AGF on the temperature, closure time, and thickness of the frozen wall using the stochastic finite element method (SFEM) in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The results of the study show that: The temperature in front of the freezing pipes is affected by groundwater flow, and the MCS results show higher temperatures than static water. The temperature behind the freezing pipes is affected by both convection heat transfer and heat conduction, and the temperature difference compared to the static water condition is not significant. The closure time of the -10&#xa0;°C isotherm is slightly longer than that of the -1&#xa0;°C isotherm. However, in the presence of groundwater seepage, the MCS results show large fluctuations, with the maximum range of closure times occurring on the upstream side of the frozen wall under spatially variable permeability. The spatial variability of the sensitivity parameter affects the frozen wall closure time more than the frozen wall average thickness. Therefore, similar AGF projects should focus on the closure time of the − 10&#xa0;°C isotherm on the upstream side of the frozen wall.</p>

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Influence of Spatial Variability of Freezing-Sensitive Parameters on the Formation of Frozen Walls in Artificial Ground Freezing

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月17日

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  • Zhan Yahui,
  • Hu Jun,
  • Li Zetian,
  • Zhang Shuai,
  • Sun Zhaokui,
  • Yang Kun

摘要

The use of Artificial ground freezing (AGF) in tunneling, mine excavation and emergency construction has been commonplace. Previous studies have been conducted through field measurements, model tests, and numerical simulations, but most studies have ignored the randomness of the underground soil layers. This study investigates the spatial variability of sensitivity parameters in AGF on the temperature, closure time, and thickness of the frozen wall using the stochastic finite element method (SFEM) in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The results of the study show that: The temperature in front of the freezing pipes is affected by groundwater flow, and the MCS results show higher temperatures than static water. The temperature behind the freezing pipes is affected by both convection heat transfer and heat conduction, and the temperature difference compared to the static water condition is not significant. The closure time of the -10 °C isotherm is slightly longer than that of the -1 °C isotherm. However, in the presence of groundwater seepage, the MCS results show large fluctuations, with the maximum range of closure times occurring on the upstream side of the frozen wall under spatially variable permeability. The spatial variability of the sensitivity parameter affects the frozen wall closure time more than the frozen wall average thickness. Therefore, similar AGF projects should focus on the closure time of the − 10 °C isotherm on the upstream side of the frozen wall.