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<p>Calcareous sands, characterized by their angular and highly porous particles, are prone to particle breakage and excessive settlement under load, posing significant challenges to the stability of coastal infrastructure, including ports, runways, and embankments. This study explores the efficacy of colloidal silica as an innovative and environmentally compatible stabilization agent to improve shear strength and reduce particle breakage. A comprehensive series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests was performed on calcareous sand treated with 5% and 10% colloidal silica, considering curing periods of 3, 7, and 28 days under confining pressures of 100, 200, and 300&#xa0;kPa and relative densities of 20%, 50%, and 80%. In addition, specimens with 7% colloidal silica were tested at 28 days of curing to further assess the optimum content. The results indicate that 5% colloidal silica significantly enhances mechanical performance, achieving a 56% increase in shear strength after 28 days of curing, whereas 10% content leads to nanoparticle aggregation, diminishing its effectiveness. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that colloidal silica forms a cohesive binding network between sand particles, reducing breakage by 27%. Empirical models were developed to predict strength development as a function of curing time, relative density, and confining pressure. The findings demonstrate that colloidal silica offers a sustainable and practical solution for stabilizing calcareous sands in coastal geotechnical engineering applications, contributing to improved infrastructure resilience.</p>

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Eco-friendly Colloidal Silica Stabilization of Calcareous Sand: Experimental Study and Predictive Modeling for Coastal Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月31日

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  • Seyed Vahid Mousavi,
  • Adel Asakereh,
  • Abdolhosein Haddad

摘要

Calcareous sands, characterized by their angular and highly porous particles, are prone to particle breakage and excessive settlement under load, posing significant challenges to the stability of coastal infrastructure, including ports, runways, and embankments. This study explores the efficacy of colloidal silica as an innovative and environmentally compatible stabilization agent to improve shear strength and reduce particle breakage. A comprehensive series of consolidated undrained triaxial tests was performed on calcareous sand treated with 5% and 10% colloidal silica, considering curing periods of 3, 7, and 28 days under confining pressures of 100, 200, and 300 kPa and relative densities of 20%, 50%, and 80%. In addition, specimens with 7% colloidal silica were tested at 28 days of curing to further assess the optimum content. The results indicate that 5% colloidal silica significantly enhances mechanical performance, achieving a 56% increase in shear strength after 28 days of curing, whereas 10% content leads to nanoparticle aggregation, diminishing its effectiveness. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that colloidal silica forms a cohesive binding network between sand particles, reducing breakage by 27%. Empirical models were developed to predict strength development as a function of curing time, relative density, and confining pressure. The findings demonstrate that colloidal silica offers a sustainable and practical solution for stabilizing calcareous sands in coastal geotechnical engineering applications, contributing to improved infrastructure resilience.