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<p>During tunnel blasting excavation, empty holes act as auxiliary free surfaces and gas compensation spaces, and these features significantly influence blasting performance. To clarify how empty-hole diameter (<i>D</i>) and the spacing between empty and charge holes (<i>l</i>) affect outcomes, a three-dimensional numerical model was built. This model used the SPH–FEM (smoothed particle hydrodynamics coupled with finite element method) approach.The effects of <i>D</i> and<i> l</i> on the blasting response are examined by comparing rock damage evolution, particle ejection velocity, debris migration, and the projected area of the cut cavity for various parameter combinations (<i>D</i> = 105 ~ 210&#xa0;mm, <i>l</i> = 400 ~ 600&#xa0;mm). The results identify key mechanisms that control blasting performance. Increasing <i>D</i> and <i>l</i> appropriately expands the cut cavity and reduces particle ejection velocity. When <i>D</i> is 1.5 times the charge-hole diameter and <i>l</i> is three times the empty-hole diameter, the fragmentation pattern is optimal, the cut cavity is well-formed, and explosive use is significantly improved. This parameter combination offers quantitative guidance for cut blasting design and has important engineering implications.</p>

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SPH–FEM Numerical Simulation of Empty-Hole Cut Blasting in Rock Masses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月1日

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  • Xiaorui Cao,
  • Rui Liang,
  • Wenhai Zhou,
  • Xiaoming Lou,
  • Caizhi Hu,
  • Fangxia QI,
  • Xiaowei Chen

摘要

During tunnel blasting excavation, empty holes act as auxiliary free surfaces and gas compensation spaces, and these features significantly influence blasting performance. To clarify how empty-hole diameter (D) and the spacing between empty and charge holes (l) affect outcomes, a three-dimensional numerical model was built. This model used the SPH–FEM (smoothed particle hydrodynamics coupled with finite element method) approach.The effects of D and l on the blasting response are examined by comparing rock damage evolution, particle ejection velocity, debris migration, and the projected area of the cut cavity for various parameter combinations (D = 105 ~ 210 mm, l = 400 ~ 600 mm). The results identify key mechanisms that control blasting performance. Increasing D and l appropriately expands the cut cavity and reduces particle ejection velocity. When D is 1.5 times the charge-hole diameter and l is three times the empty-hole diameter, the fragmentation pattern is optimal, the cut cavity is well-formed, and explosive use is significantly improved. This parameter combination offers quantitative guidance for cut blasting design and has important engineering implications.