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<p>Natural timbers such as gelam and ironwood have been widely employed as pile materials for micropile foundations in undrained soft clays. Despite their extensive use in regions with very soft soils, research on the load-carrying mechanisms and bearing capacity enhancement of micropile foundations constructed with gelam and ironwood remains limited, which hinders the optimal utilization of these foundations and may result in overly conservative designs or, in severe cases, structural failure. In this paper, a series of three-dimensional finite element methods were utilized to model the real allocation of micropile arrangement and behavior by considering two types of micropile foundations with gelam wood, such as the raft-on micropile system (RMS) and the embedded micropile system (EMS) types. The numerical results are initially validated through the field test data. Numerical analysis shows that Gelam wood micropiles significantly enhance bearing capacity and reduce settlement in soft clays. The RMS type benefits from increased base resistance due to horizontal micropile installation, while the EMS type relies on mobilized side friction and tip resistance from the vertically embedded micropiles. Incorporating Gelam wood micropiles increases the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) by over 2.5 times, reaching up to 5 in EMS type&#xa0;with wider spacing. Furthermore,&#xa0;EMS generally&#xa0;outperforms RMS when the spacing is more than five times the micropile diameter (s/D &gt; 5), providing higher bearing capacity and&#xa0;making it a more effective solution under such conditions.</p>

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Numerical Investigation of Micropiled Timber Foundations in Soft Clays Using 3D Finite Element Analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Yusti Yudiawati,
  • Ari Surya Abdi

摘要

Natural timbers such as gelam and ironwood have been widely employed as pile materials for micropile foundations in undrained soft clays. Despite their extensive use in regions with very soft soils, research on the load-carrying mechanisms and bearing capacity enhancement of micropile foundations constructed with gelam and ironwood remains limited, which hinders the optimal utilization of these foundations and may result in overly conservative designs or, in severe cases, structural failure. In this paper, a series of three-dimensional finite element methods were utilized to model the real allocation of micropile arrangement and behavior by considering two types of micropile foundations with gelam wood, such as the raft-on micropile system (RMS) and the embedded micropile system (EMS) types. The numerical results are initially validated through the field test data. Numerical analysis shows that Gelam wood micropiles significantly enhance bearing capacity and reduce settlement in soft clays. The RMS type benefits from increased base resistance due to horizontal micropile installation, while the EMS type relies on mobilized side friction and tip resistance from the vertically embedded micropiles. Incorporating Gelam wood micropiles increases the bearing capacity ratio (BCR) by over 2.5 times, reaching up to 5 in EMS type with wider spacing. Furthermore, EMS generally outperforms RMS when the spacing is more than five times the micropile diameter (s/D > 5), providing higher bearing capacity and making it a more effective solution under such conditions.