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<p>Due to the combined effect of high geostress and geothermal heat, which greatly increases rockburst hazard, determining the optimal water spray temperature is critical for rockburst prevention and mitigation in deep tunnels. To fully examine how water-spray temperature affects the stability of the surrounding rock, this work utilizes the USDFLD subroutine to conduct thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling numerical simulations in conjunction with on-site microseismic monitoring. The findings show that while prompt support is crucial for controlling deformation, water spray can significantly lower increases in excavation stress and improve stress distribution. It is noted that spraying water at lower temperatures (&lt; 293.15&#xa0;K) can easily induce instability in the surrounding rock. In contrast, the optimal temperature range of 293.15–303.15&#xa0;K effectively reduces tensile stress at the arch crown and stress concentration at its base, decreasing the risk of rock explosions from moderate to weak. The damage patterns observed in the peripheral rock show a progression from “green (shear)—yellow (shear-tensile composite)—red (tensile and spalling)” from outer to inner layers. Damage is less severe as temperatures climb. Water spraying in this temperature range can greatly reduce microseismic occurrences and energy buildup, according to monitoring data verification. This information forms the basis for regulating rockburst mitigation and prevention strategies in deep tunnels subjected to significant geothermal heat.</p>

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Spray Water Temperatures Effect on Surrounding Rock Stability and Rockburst Mitigation under High Altitude and High Temperature Conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月21日

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  • Tongyan Fan,
  • Qinghe Zhang,
  • Xiaorui Wang,
  • Wenxuan Dong,
  • Shengtao Wang,
  • Jingguo Li

摘要

Due to the combined effect of high geostress and geothermal heat, which greatly increases rockburst hazard, determining the optimal water spray temperature is critical for rockburst prevention and mitigation in deep tunnels. To fully examine how water-spray temperature affects the stability of the surrounding rock, this work utilizes the USDFLD subroutine to conduct thermal-hydro-mechanical coupling numerical simulations in conjunction with on-site microseismic monitoring. The findings show that while prompt support is crucial for controlling deformation, water spray can significantly lower increases in excavation stress and improve stress distribution. It is noted that spraying water at lower temperatures (< 293.15 K) can easily induce instability in the surrounding rock. In contrast, the optimal temperature range of 293.15–303.15 K effectively reduces tensile stress at the arch crown and stress concentration at its base, decreasing the risk of rock explosions from moderate to weak. The damage patterns observed in the peripheral rock show a progression from “green (shear)—yellow (shear-tensile composite)—red (tensile and spalling)” from outer to inner layers. Damage is less severe as temperatures climb. Water spraying in this temperature range can greatly reduce microseismic occurrences and energy buildup, according to monitoring data verification. This information forms the basis for regulating rockburst mitigation and prevention strategies in deep tunnels subjected to significant geothermal heat.