Large-Scale Slope Failures in North Dakota
摘要
The North Dakota Geological Survey identified 66,894 landslides across the State of North Dakota. Of these, 2,014 landslides were large-scale with areas over 100,000 m2. Using a statistical approach, this paper explores the influence of geological composition, land cover, slope inclination, pore fluid chemistry, and precipitation on the large-scale landslides in the state. The influences are compared with the observations across all the mapped landslides with the goal of informing future risk assessments and land-use planning by pinpointing areas and conditions most vulnerable to large-scale slope failures. Large-scale landslides were found to occur on slopes more gently inclined in comparison to all landslides following a lognormal distribution with a mean 7.9° and a standard deviation of 2.1°. They were typically located in regions where the surficial geology was the Sentinel Butte Formation, the Pierre Formation, or the river sediments of the Oahe Formation. McKenzie, Dunn, and Cavalier Counties were found to contain the greatest number of large-scale slope failures. In comparison to all landslides, large-scale landslides occurred in areas subjected to less rainfall and snowfall. Given the wide presence of salts within the pore fluids, it was surprising to find that most of the large-scale landslides occurred in regions with low electrical conductivities and sodium absorptions ratios, indicating low salt concentrations. However, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate in the locations prone to large-scale landslides relative to those regions that experienced landslides in North Dakota. Finally, the majority of the large-scale landslides occurred in areas with herbaceous vegetation, deciduous forests, and shrubs or scrubs as the primary land cover.