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<p>Low-carbon production and consumption of rice constitute pivotal pathways toward achieving sustainable agricultural development. This study employed a life cycle assessment approach to systematically evaluate the carbon footprint (CF) and nitrogen footprint (NF) associated with indica and japonica rice in China, while concurrently conducting a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis. The results demonstrated that late indica rice exhibited higher carbon footprint per unit yield (CFy) and nitrogen footprint (NFy) compared to others. Temporal analysis revealed a notable 7.14–17.45% reduction in NFy across varieties, whereas only single indica rice showed a decreasing trend in CFy. CH<sub>4</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization were identified as the primary contributors to rice cultivation’s CF (49.52–74.41%) and NF (69.53–80.23%), respectively. Notably, japonica rice demonstrated dual advantages in environmental and economic performance, exhibiting a 23.16% lower CFy and 18.77% lower NFy compared to indica rice averages, coupled with superior economic returns (2.43 CNY kg<sup>−1</sup> output value; 0.82 CNY kg<sup>−1</sup> profit). Scenario analysis indicated that optimized dietary patterns could potentially reduce per capita rice-related CF and NF by 10.72% and 8.38%, respectively. We propose implementing CF and NF mitigation strategies and promoting japonica rice consumption through market incentives to synergistically enhance environmental sustainability and economic viability in rice production systems.</p>

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Carbon and nitrogen footprints of rice in China: implications for low-carbon rice consumption

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月5日

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  • Jingyu Zhang,
  • Yingchun Li,
  • Shifeng Li,
  • Fen Ma,
  • Guojun Cao,
  • Guohui Chen,
  • Yanfang Chen,
  • Chunfeng Peng

摘要

Low-carbon production and consumption of rice constitute pivotal pathways toward achieving sustainable agricultural development. This study employed a life cycle assessment approach to systematically evaluate the carbon footprint (CF) and nitrogen footprint (NF) associated with indica and japonica rice in China, while concurrently conducting a comprehensive cost–benefit analysis. The results demonstrated that late indica rice exhibited higher carbon footprint per unit yield (CFy) and nitrogen footprint (NFy) compared to others. Temporal analysis revealed a notable 7.14–17.45% reduction in NFy across varieties, whereas only single indica rice showed a decreasing trend in CFy. CH4 and NH3 volatilization were identified as the primary contributors to rice cultivation’s CF (49.52–74.41%) and NF (69.53–80.23%), respectively. Notably, japonica rice demonstrated dual advantages in environmental and economic performance, exhibiting a 23.16% lower CFy and 18.77% lower NFy compared to indica rice averages, coupled with superior economic returns (2.43 CNY kg−1 output value; 0.82 CNY kg−1 profit). Scenario analysis indicated that optimized dietary patterns could potentially reduce per capita rice-related CF and NF by 10.72% and 8.38%, respectively. We propose implementing CF and NF mitigation strategies and promoting japonica rice consumption through market incentives to synergistically enhance environmental sustainability and economic viability in rice production systems.