<p>Organic fertilization and agroecological practices could achieve a good balance between crop production and environmental sustainability. This study aims to evaluate different agroecological approaches, assessing both crop performance and environmental sustainability in the Mediterranean environment. Five fertilization strategies were compared in two cultivation cycles of fennel crops. A system with organic fertilizers plus other agroecological strategies (AGR) was compared with a system with organic fertilization (ORG), a system with mineral fertilization (MIN), and two mixed systems with organic and mineral fertilizers in different ratios (MIX1 and MIX2). The results highlighted that, during the first year, MIN and AGR showed the highest production and the most efficient fertilizer use. They showed the highest net energy value and the lowest GHG emissions. During the second year, heavy rainfall caused a decline in performance of all treatments, although some of them showed better resilience than others. In particular, the AGR treatment showed a smaller production decline, and it was also the most environmentally sustainable treatment both for energy consumption and GHG emissions, confirming the first-year result. By contrast, reduction both in the marketable yield and utilization efficiency index in MIN indicated that it could be unsustainable in the long-term, especially to address the increasing frequency of extreme weather events.</p>