<p>Recent discussions in <i>Foundations of Science</i> have revived the “two-times problem’’ - the apparent conflict between the formal symmetry of physical time and the experiential asymmetry of becoming. This paper develops an operational resolution based on the concept of closure: the completion of radiative relations between emission and absorption events. Time is defined as the ordered accumulation of such realized closures, forming a Lorentz-coherent record of the world. Each closure adds a new element to this record without invoking a global present or subjective flow. By examining clock networks and atomic emission–absorption cycles, the paper shows how duration arises from measurable waiting intervals, how temporal flow corresponds to the sequential realization of closures, and how asymmetry follows from the irreversible structure of emission and record formation. The future remains open as a set of lawful but unrealized possibilities, while the realized domain expands locally through Past-Only Lorentz Equivariance. The resulting framework reconciles the empirical structure of relativity with the probabilistic openness of quantum mechanics and clarifies how experiential passage emerges from the progressive integration of newly realized records. The two-times problem thereby dissolves: the universe does not evolve in time - it generates time through the accumulation of realized relations.</p>

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Time as the Accumulation of Realized Records: Resolving the Two-Times Problem

  • Mogens Frank Mikkelsen

摘要

Recent discussions in Foundations of Science have revived the “two-times problem’’ - the apparent conflict between the formal symmetry of physical time and the experiential asymmetry of becoming. This paper develops an operational resolution based on the concept of closure: the completion of radiative relations between emission and absorption events. Time is defined as the ordered accumulation of such realized closures, forming a Lorentz-coherent record of the world. Each closure adds a new element to this record without invoking a global present or subjective flow. By examining clock networks and atomic emission–absorption cycles, the paper shows how duration arises from measurable waiting intervals, how temporal flow corresponds to the sequential realization of closures, and how asymmetry follows from the irreversible structure of emission and record formation. The future remains open as a set of lawful but unrealized possibilities, while the realized domain expands locally through Past-Only Lorentz Equivariance. The resulting framework reconciles the empirical structure of relativity with the probabilistic openness of quantum mechanics and clarifies how experiential passage emerges from the progressive integration of newly realized records. The two-times problem thereby dissolves: the universe does not evolve in time - it generates time through the accumulation of realized relations.