<p>This work presents a geometric model of orbital occupation in the atom. Starting from a small number of geometric assumptions, a periodic structure is obtained in which electrons are represented as equal-sized spheres. The resulting structure provides a consistent representation of the S, P, D and F orbitals and their occupation according to the Aufbau principle and the constraints associated with the periodic table. The very possibility of obtaining, within a single geometric framework, a consistent representation that satisfies these constraints may itself be regarded as a finding worthy of consideration, even before examining the model’s correspondence with additional atomic properties. Once the geometric structure has been established, spatial coordinates are derived for the electrons and used to calculate the atomic covalent radius. The calculated radii are compared with empirical covalent-radius data for elements with even atomic numbers between 2 and 96. The results indicate a systematic correspondence between the model and the empirical data, including the reproduction of the general trends of the covalent radius across the periodic table. The agreement is stronger for low and intermediate atomic numbers and decreases for heavier elements. The covalent radius is not used in the construction of the model but rather serves as a test case for evaluating the resulting structure. Consequently, the existence of a systematic correspondence between the model predictions and covalent-radius data may suggest that the proposed geometric structure captures certain aspects of atomic regularities. These findings do not constitute proof of the physical validity of the model. However, they indicate that simple structural-geometric approaches may have value as an additional tool for examining atomic structure and its properties.</p>

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A geometric model for orbital occupation and the atomic covalent radius

  • Ronen Yavor

摘要

This work presents a geometric model of orbital occupation in the atom. Starting from a small number of geometric assumptions, a periodic structure is obtained in which electrons are represented as equal-sized spheres. The resulting structure provides a consistent representation of the S, P, D and F orbitals and their occupation according to the Aufbau principle and the constraints associated with the periodic table. The very possibility of obtaining, within a single geometric framework, a consistent representation that satisfies these constraints may itself be regarded as a finding worthy of consideration, even before examining the model’s correspondence with additional atomic properties. Once the geometric structure has been established, spatial coordinates are derived for the electrons and used to calculate the atomic covalent radius. The calculated radii are compared with empirical covalent-radius data for elements with even atomic numbers between 2 and 96. The results indicate a systematic correspondence between the model and the empirical data, including the reproduction of the general trends of the covalent radius across the periodic table. The agreement is stronger for low and intermediate atomic numbers and decreases for heavier elements. The covalent radius is not used in the construction of the model but rather serves as a test case for evaluating the resulting structure. Consequently, the existence of a systematic correspondence between the model predictions and covalent-radius data may suggest that the proposed geometric structure captures certain aspects of atomic regularities. These findings do not constitute proof of the physical validity of the model. However, they indicate that simple structural-geometric approaches may have value as an additional tool for examining atomic structure and its properties.