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<p>In recent years, about two hundred papers per year are published on the use of the solutions of the ferrate(VI) ion, FeO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>. For the past 180 years, it was believed that these red-violet solutions were first obtained by the founder of the phlogiston theory, Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734) at the beginning of the 18th century. However, the analysis of primary sources suggests that these solutions were already known to the apothecary, Johannes Zwelfer (Zwölfer, 1618–1668) in the mid-17th century. In the <i>Pharmacopoeia regia</i> of 1668, Zwelfer gave a recipe for <i>crocus martis cachecticus</i>, a remedy for anemia, in which a red-violet solution of iron appeared to be an intermediate product. To obtain this solution, he first heated iron filings with saltpeter until ignition, and then dissolved the resulting sintered mass in hot water. The decomposition of the red-violet solution resulted in the precipitation of ultrafine powder of iron(III) oxide, which was the medicinal product. Thus, Zwelfer’s primacy in the synthesis and application of ferrate ion solutions should be established.</p>

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Johannes Zwelfer and the early history of iron in high oxidation states: “Wer hat die Eisensäure zuerst gesehen?”

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Sergey K. Dedushenko

摘要

In recent years, about two hundred papers per year are published on the use of the solutions of the ferrate(VI) ion, FeO42−. For the past 180 years, it was believed that these red-violet solutions were first obtained by the founder of the phlogiston theory, Georg Ernst Stahl (1659–1734) at the beginning of the 18th century. However, the analysis of primary sources suggests that these solutions were already known to the apothecary, Johannes Zwelfer (Zwölfer, 1618–1668) in the mid-17th century. In the Pharmacopoeia regia of 1668, Zwelfer gave a recipe for crocus martis cachecticus, a remedy for anemia, in which a red-violet solution of iron appeared to be an intermediate product. To obtain this solution, he first heated iron filings with saltpeter until ignition, and then dissolved the resulting sintered mass in hot water. The decomposition of the red-violet solution resulted in the precipitation of ultrafine powder of iron(III) oxide, which was the medicinal product. Thus, Zwelfer’s primacy in the synthesis and application of ferrate ion solutions should be established.