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<p>Synthetic detergents including Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and Branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS) are commonly used in household and industrial cleaning products, yet their chronic toxicological effects on freshwater fish species remain inadequately explored. The current study investigates the sub-lethal effects of these synthetic detergents on hemato-biochemical profile of freshwater fish <i>Labeo rohita</i>. The 96-h LC<sub>50</sub> values of LAS and BAS for the selected fish were calculated as 6.45&#xa0;mg/L and 8.31&#xa0;mg/L, respectively, using the probit analysis method. A total of 180 fish specimens were randomly subjected to a triplicate experimental setup, with 60 fish allocated to each replicate, marked as G<sub>0</sub>, G<sub>1</sub>, G<sub>2</sub> ang G<sub>3</sub> where G<sub>0</sub> served as control while the remaining three groups were treated with LAS (3.22&#xa0;mg/L), BAS (4.15&#xa0;mg/L) and their binary mixture (LAS, 1.61&#xa0;mg/L + BAS, 2.7&#xa0;mg/L) respectively, for a period of 30&#xa0;days. Post exposure analysis revealed a significant reduction (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in the RBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit value with increase in WBCs and platelets count in detergents exposed fish, compared to control. Among endocrine hormones T3, T4 and insulin levels decreased significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), while TSH and Cortisol were increased in the detergents exposed fish. Blood levels of NO, IgM, and RB were significantly decreased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) in all detergent treated fish, whereas lysozyme activity was significantly increased only in the LAS and mixture detergent treated fish. Antioxidant biomarkers, including CAT, SOD, and GSH, were significantly decreased (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), whereas MDA levels showed a marked increase in detergents exposed fish. Histopathological analysis identified substantial alterations in gill tissues across all the detergents exposed groups. Furthermore, genotoxic analysis demonstrated a significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) increase in micronuclei (MNs) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENAs), confirming the genotoxic potential of the tested detergents. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to commonly used detergents can disrupt multiple physiological systems in <i>L. rohita</i>, highlighting the potential ecological risks of detergent pollution in freshwater ecosystems.</p>

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Physiological disruptions induced by synthetic detergents in Labeo rohita: hematological, endocrine, immunological, antioxidant, histopathological and genotoxic perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月13日

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  • Bushra Rafique,
  • Shehzad Ghayyur,
  • Shahryar Ghayyur,
  • Numan Badshah,
  • Uswa Sajid,
  • Sadia Syed

摘要

Synthetic detergents including Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and Branched alkylbenzene sulfonates (BAS) are commonly used in household and industrial cleaning products, yet their chronic toxicological effects on freshwater fish species remain inadequately explored. The current study investigates the sub-lethal effects of these synthetic detergents on hemato-biochemical profile of freshwater fish Labeo rohita. The 96-h LC50 values of LAS and BAS for the selected fish were calculated as 6.45 mg/L and 8.31 mg/L, respectively, using the probit analysis method. A total of 180 fish specimens were randomly subjected to a triplicate experimental setup, with 60 fish allocated to each replicate, marked as G0, G1, G2 ang G3 where G0 served as control while the remaining three groups were treated with LAS (3.22 mg/L), BAS (4.15 mg/L) and their binary mixture (LAS, 1.61 mg/L + BAS, 2.7 mg/L) respectively, for a period of 30 days. Post exposure analysis revealed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the RBCs, hemoglobin, and hematocrit value with increase in WBCs and platelets count in detergents exposed fish, compared to control. Among endocrine hormones T3, T4 and insulin levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05), while TSH and Cortisol were increased in the detergents exposed fish. Blood levels of NO, IgM, and RB were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in all detergent treated fish, whereas lysozyme activity was significantly increased only in the LAS and mixture detergent treated fish. Antioxidant biomarkers, including CAT, SOD, and GSH, were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas MDA levels showed a marked increase in detergents exposed fish. Histopathological analysis identified substantial alterations in gill tissues across all the detergents exposed groups. Furthermore, genotoxic analysis demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in micronuclei (MNs) and erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities (ENAs), confirming the genotoxic potential of the tested detergents. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to commonly used detergents can disrupt multiple physiological systems in L. rohita, highlighting the potential ecological risks of detergent pollution in freshwater ecosystems.