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<p>This study evaluates the performance of a newly developed deflagration vent for the protection of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The device enables side-mounted deflagration venting of BESS enclosures with upward flame deflection, addressing critical limitations of conventional roof-mounted systems that prevent container stacking, are vulnerable to snow loading, and restrict design flexibility. Intermediate-scale vented explosion tests were conducted using a 2.79-m³ test vessel with a 305&#xa0;mm × 610&#xa0;mm vent opening. The direct-comparison method of EN 14797 was adopted to evaluate venting device performance against inertia-free reference standards. A reactivity scaling approach using hydrogen-methane surrogate fuels was applied to achieve equivalent rates of pressure rise (d<i>p</i>/d<i>t</i>) between the test volume and full-scale BESS applications, accounting for volumetric scaling effects. A physics-based model was developed to predict venting performance by integrating flame propagation analysis with structural panel dynamics. Testing with stoichiometric methane and hydrogen-methane mixtures demonstrated consistent structural integrity and venting performance. The deflagration vent achieved venting efficiencies (<i>E</i><sub>f</sub>) of 66 − 70% (EN 14994) and 70 − 74% (NFPA 68) across low explosion pressures (<i>p</i><sub>red</sub> ≈ 0.1&#xa0;bar-g) to higher pressures (<i>p</i><sub>red</sub> ≈ 1.1&#xa0;bar-g). Flame deflection angles ranged from 45 − 46° at low <i>p</i><sub>red</sub> and 38 − 39° at high <i>p</i><sub>red</sub>, confirming efficient upward flame deflection. This technology can enable more versatile and energy-dense BESS deployments, including stacked container systems, and addresses several potential failure modes of roof-mounted venting systems while maintaining safety performance.</p>

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Performance Evaluation of a Novel Deflagration Venting Solution for Battery Energy Storage System Explosion Protection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Lorenz Boeck,
  • Marius Bloching,
  • Johannes Lottermann

摘要

This study evaluates the performance of a newly developed deflagration vent for the protection of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS). The device enables side-mounted deflagration venting of BESS enclosures with upward flame deflection, addressing critical limitations of conventional roof-mounted systems that prevent container stacking, are vulnerable to snow loading, and restrict design flexibility. Intermediate-scale vented explosion tests were conducted using a 2.79-m³ test vessel with a 305 mm × 610 mm vent opening. The direct-comparison method of EN 14797 was adopted to evaluate venting device performance against inertia-free reference standards. A reactivity scaling approach using hydrogen-methane surrogate fuels was applied to achieve equivalent rates of pressure rise (dp/dt) between the test volume and full-scale BESS applications, accounting for volumetric scaling effects. A physics-based model was developed to predict venting performance by integrating flame propagation analysis with structural panel dynamics. Testing with stoichiometric methane and hydrogen-methane mixtures demonstrated consistent structural integrity and venting performance. The deflagration vent achieved venting efficiencies (Ef) of 66 − 70% (EN 14994) and 70 − 74% (NFPA 68) across low explosion pressures (pred ≈ 0.1 bar-g) to higher pressures (pred ≈ 1.1 bar-g). Flame deflection angles ranged from 45 − 46° at low pred and 38 − 39° at high pred, confirming efficient upward flame deflection. This technology can enable more versatile and energy-dense BESS deployments, including stacked container systems, and addresses several potential failure modes of roof-mounted venting systems while maintaining safety performance.