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<p>In tunnel fire scenarios, flame tilt critically amplifies downstream thermal radiation intensity and smoke propagation dynamics, significantly impacting structural thermal hazards and evacuation safety. Consequently, quantitative analysis of flame tilt angle becomes imperative for mitigating flame-spread risks and optimizing smoke control strategies. Experimental investigations reveal that the flame tilt angle exhibits a positive correlation with three key parameters: heat release rate, tunnel slope, and ventilation rate. The heat release rate elevates smoke layer temperatures, generating buoyancy driven flows through density gradients between combustion products and ambient air. This process initiates a chimney effect that governs smoke flow dynamics, thereby modifying flame inclination behavior. Simultaneously, the tunnel slope induces a longitudinal pressure gradient, which redistributes aerodynamic entrainment patterns and modifies momentum transfer mechanisms within the combustion zone, further accentuating flame tilt. Longitudinal ventilation exerts inertial forces on flame structures, distorting flow field characteristics and altering flame stabilization regimes, which collectively regulate tilt angle evolution. Building upon flame plume theory and dimensionless analysis principles, this study proposes a theoretical framework to predict flame tilt angles in longitudinally ventilated inclined tunnels. The model integrates dimensionless groups representing ventilation momentum, buoyancy forces, and geometric constraints, providing mechanistic insights into flame inclination dependencies on the heat release rate, slope, and airflow interactions.</p>

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Experimental Analysis and Theoretical Prediction Model of Flame Tilt Angle in Longitudinally Ventilated Inclined Tunnel Fires

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Yanqiu Chen,
  • Yi Zhao,
  • Tingyu Zhong,
  • Hengze Zhao,
  • Qian Zhao,
  • Yuchun Zhang

摘要

In tunnel fire scenarios, flame tilt critically amplifies downstream thermal radiation intensity and smoke propagation dynamics, significantly impacting structural thermal hazards and evacuation safety. Consequently, quantitative analysis of flame tilt angle becomes imperative for mitigating flame-spread risks and optimizing smoke control strategies. Experimental investigations reveal that the flame tilt angle exhibits a positive correlation with three key parameters: heat release rate, tunnel slope, and ventilation rate. The heat release rate elevates smoke layer temperatures, generating buoyancy driven flows through density gradients between combustion products and ambient air. This process initiates a chimney effect that governs smoke flow dynamics, thereby modifying flame inclination behavior. Simultaneously, the tunnel slope induces a longitudinal pressure gradient, which redistributes aerodynamic entrainment patterns and modifies momentum transfer mechanisms within the combustion zone, further accentuating flame tilt. Longitudinal ventilation exerts inertial forces on flame structures, distorting flow field characteristics and altering flame stabilization regimes, which collectively regulate tilt angle evolution. Building upon flame plume theory and dimensionless analysis principles, this study proposes a theoretical framework to predict flame tilt angles in longitudinally ventilated inclined tunnels. The model integrates dimensionless groups representing ventilation momentum, buoyancy forces, and geometric constraints, providing mechanistic insights into flame inclination dependencies on the heat release rate, slope, and airflow interactions.