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<p>Fluoropolymers, such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), are abundantly used materials due to their exceptional properties, but when exposed to high temperatures and heat fluxes in fires, they release hydrogen fluoride (HF) and carbon monoxide (CO) which can pose chronic or acute health risks to exposed individuals, including the fire service. However, the extent of HF exposure may not be fully assessed with current commercial HF sensors due to their limitations. In this preliminary investigation, a novel tunable laser absorption spectrometer was employed to measure HF concentration inside reduced-scale well-ventilated compartment fires where a fluoropolymer, ETFE, participates, while CO and <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\text {CO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> concentrations were also measured with infrared absorption techniques. Measurements of the compartment fire parameters including temperature and mass loss rate are also reported. The results show that, although only 1-2 grams of ETFE were consumed during each experiment, the measured HF concentrations in the fire effluents reached up to 100 ppm for most experiments, which is high enough to cause death or long-term impairment for exposed individuals. These experiments demonstrate the ability of tunable laser spectroscopy to measure a large range of HF concentrations in fire effluents and that HF exposure is a significant risk for the fire service for structure fires involving fluoropolymers.</p>

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Fluoropolymer Emissions Measurements from a Reduced-Scale Compartment Fire via Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月31日

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  • Rayna Vreeland,
  • Isabelle Sanders,
  • Nicholas Kuenning,
  • Yi Yan,
  • Xiuqi Xi,
  • James L. Urban,
  • R. Mitchell Spearrin

摘要

Fluoropolymers, such as ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), are abundantly used materials due to their exceptional properties, but when exposed to high temperatures and heat fluxes in fires, they release hydrogen fluoride (HF) and carbon monoxide (CO) which can pose chronic or acute health risks to exposed individuals, including the fire service. However, the extent of HF exposure may not be fully assessed with current commercial HF sensors due to their limitations. In this preliminary investigation, a novel tunable laser absorption spectrometer was employed to measure HF concentration inside reduced-scale well-ventilated compartment fires where a fluoropolymer, ETFE, participates, while CO and \(\text {CO}_{2}\) concentrations were also measured with infrared absorption techniques. Measurements of the compartment fire parameters including temperature and mass loss rate are also reported. The results show that, although only 1-2 grams of ETFE were consumed during each experiment, the measured HF concentrations in the fire effluents reached up to 100 ppm for most experiments, which is high enough to cause death or long-term impairment for exposed individuals. These experiments demonstrate the ability of tunable laser spectroscopy to measure a large range of HF concentrations in fire effluents and that HF exposure is a significant risk for the fire service for structure fires involving fluoropolymers.