Fire Safety for Green Façades: Part 2: Full-Scale Façade Fire Tests and Means for Fire-Safe Green Façade Design with Climbing Plants on Trellises
摘要
This study is the second part of a larger investigation into the fire behaviour of green façades. It focuses on climbing plants on trellises and thoroughly examines their fire performance in various scenarios. Eight full-scale fire tests were conducted under realistic conditions, categorised into three series the wall test, the balcony test with central fire exposure, and the balcony test with corner fire exposure. The vertical fire spread along the façade was quantified, and the impact of heat flux on surrounding building components, such as walls, windows, balconies, and roof overhangs, was assessed. The results highlight the critical role of moisture content in fire behaviour. Vital (moist) plants exhibited limited fire spread and self-extinguished after initially drying. However, dry plants showed rapid fire propagation and spark formation due to glowing leaf fragments. In the case of vital plants directly in front of an external wall, a burn-off of the green façade in the ratio of approx. 2.5 times the actual primary flame was observed. The factor was approximately 1.5 in an open arrangement in front of a balcony. The study concludes that well-maintained green façades present a lower risk regardless of plant vitality. Maintenance remains the key to fire safety, as poorly maintained façades with significant deadwood do not align with the scenarios tested. Recommendations include maintaining specified distances from combustible materials, ensuring proper care, and incorporating non-combustible climbing aids.
Graphical Abstract